Lecture 28/4 - tenderness Flashcards

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1
Q

As a consumer, how do you determine tenderness of meat?

A

Some people determine tenderness by how easily the teeth sink into the piece upon first bite

Others determine tenderness based upon the number of chews before the piece is swallowed

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2
Q

Vilka faser sker under post mortem processen

A

toughening phase

tenderization phase

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3
Q

Vilka Biochemical post-mortem processes finns det?

A

background toughness
toughening phase
tenderization phase

The toughening phase sker pga sarcomerer kortas under rigor mortis devemopment
The tenderization phase sker pga nerbrytandet av myofibrill strukturen (esp. Z-disc)

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4
Q

Vad beror Background toughness på?

A

Mängden och strukturen av connective tissue

♦Mängd collagen
♦Antal cross linkage
♦ Perimysium står för 90% av den toughness som beror på the connective tissue
♦ Endomysium står för ungefär 10 %

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5
Q

Vad beror the Toughening phase på?

A

Sker pga sarcomererna krymper under rigor
development
Detta resulterar i ett tougher meat

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6
Q

Proteolysis of metabolic proteins påverkan på meat texture?

A

Proteolysis of metabolic proteins har troligtvis inger direkt påverkan på kött texture men peptider som bildas vid degregationen av proteiner kan användas som markers of proteolytic acitivity och kan därför användas som indikator för kvalite

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7
Q

Tenderization phase - vad innebär detta

A

Post-mortem proteolysis av miofibriller och miofibril-associated proteins

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8
Q

vilka Proteolyticenzymes finns?

A

Calpains- viktig i rött kött och fågel

Cathepsins-viktigt i fisk

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9
Q

vilka isomerer av calpain finns?

Vilka inhibitorer finns det?

A

Det finns flera isomerer av de proteolytiska enzymet(μ-calpain, m-calpainand skeletal muscle-specific calpain3),

Det finns även en endogenous inhibitor av calpanins
- calpastatin

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10
Q

Vilka 2 isomerer av calpain är viktigast?

A

The two best-characterized isoforms are
μ-calpain and m-calpain
Båda dessa är calciumberoende

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11
Q

Vid vilket pH fungerar calpain?

A

Max activity is at pH 7.5, but still active at pH 5.5

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12
Q

vad sker med calpastatin i köttet?

A

Calpastatin är degraderad i postmortem muskel

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13
Q

Vad är the limiting factors av μ-and m-calpain?

A

De kan inte bryta ner proteiner till sina aminosyror.
De kan inte heller bryta ner de major myofibrillarproteins tex myosin och actin

A hypothesized (man tror) role for calpains in muscle is the specific proteolysis of cytoskeletal proteins (titinand nebulin) and intermediate filaments (desmin)

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14
Q

Vilka andra proteinase systems finns

A
Proteasome (viktigt för protein degregation i levande muskel)
Caspase system (ATP-dependent)
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15
Q

Vad beror tenderness på, i muskel funktioner?

A

Mängd och struktur av connective tissue
Styrka i contraction
Hur snabb och degree av proteolytisk
Den relativa contribution av varje av de övre faktorerna är muscel dependen

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16
Q

Vad sker vid agening?

A

Dét är en naturlig process som ofta syns (?) när kött är lagrat eller aged post-rigor

Ökar tenderness och smak

17
Q

Vad beror the ES effect på?

A

ES effect sker pga accelererad glycolysis vilket förhindrar cold shortage genom att reducera koncentrationen av ATP

18
Q

Hur påverkas electrik stimuli the carcas efter slakt

A
kortare tid för ph att gå ner
atp breaks down
tidigare rigor
erlier start of tenderness
prevent cold shortage
19
Q

Vilka metoder kan öka tenderness

before and after slakt

A

Before slaughter:
Environment, diet, Welfare, use of vitamin diet

At slaughter:
Appropriate chilling
Pelvic suspension (increase sarcomere length)

After slaughter:
Appropriate cooking - Marinade

20
Q

Pelvic suspension innebär

A

Hänga upp benet i aitch bone istället för i Achilles tendon. sträcker muskeln of the round och loin vilket ökar sarkomer längden och ökar tenderness

21
Q

Vilka natural tenderizer från plants finns?

A

enzymes from plants
◦Papain extracted from papaya
◦Bromelain extracted from pineapple
◦Ficin extracted from figs

22
Q

Vad är Mechanical tenderization?

A

Man använder att kniv (nålar) eller slår med hammare.

23
Q

Factors affecting tenderness

A

Pre-slaughter factors:
species, breed, sex, animal age, inter-muscular variability, intra-muscular variability, degree of fatness, inter-animal variation

During slaughter:
rate of post-mortem glycolysis, cold-shortening, normal hanging/pelvic suspension

Post-slaughter factors:
conditioning, processing, artificial tenderising

Cooking temperature and time

24
Q

What technology is used to decrease cold shortening of beef?

A

Electrical Stimulation

25
Q

What is the term used to describe storing refrigerated

meat to improve tenderness

A

Ageing

26
Q

Muscle proteins are degraded during aging by what

enzymes?

A

Calpainsmainly

27
Q

Which muscle protein must bind calcium for muscle contraction?

A

Troponin

28
Q

In what organelle in the cell does the Electron Transport Chain function?

A

Mitochondria

29
Q

What is used to rephosphorylateADP to ATP during the onset phase of rigor?

A

Creatine phosphate

30
Q

What condition results during thawing of muscle that was frozen prerigor?

A

Thaw rigor

31
Q

What organ converts lactic acid to glucose?

A

Liver

32
Q

What is the most abundant component of skeletal muscle?

A

Water