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Structures (ASV) > Lecture 23: Blood Microstructure, Content (2/2) > Flashcards

Lecture 23: Blood Microstructure, Content (2/2) Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

hematopoesis

A

formation and development of blood cells

very few starting cells produce massive numbers of mature cells

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2
Q

pleuropotent cell

A

undifferentiated cell, can give rise to all cell lineages

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3
Q

what influences hematopoetic stem cell differentiation

A

cytokein

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4
Q

are hematopoetic stem cells pleuripotent?

A

most evidence- only produce blood cells, not other organs, although some info says can make cardiac tissue

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5
Q

longest living blood cells?

A

red blood cells, 4 month survival

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6
Q

most abundant blood cell in body?

A

red blood cell, 1000x more than white cells

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7
Q

platelet function

A

clotting, stop bleeding

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8
Q

where is blood produced

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

yellow marrow

A

fat

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10
Q

red marrow

A

cellular tissue

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11
Q

megacaryocyte

A

largest cell in bone marrow, gives rise to platelets

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12
Q

survival time of granulocyte

A

< 10 hours

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13
Q

survival time of platelets

A

1 week

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14
Q

how many blood cells lost/replaced every day?

A

approximately 10 x 10^12

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15
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBC

carry oxygen

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16
Q

leukocytes

A

WBC

fight infection

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17
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

hemostasis - control bleeding

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18
Q

types of blood cells

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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19
Q

types of blood plasma

A

electrolytes, proteins, lipids

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20
Q

electrolyte function

A

maintain tonicity

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21
Q

plasma protein function

A

albumin, globulins (antibodies), clotting factors- stop bleeding

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22
Q

plasma lipids function

A

serum

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23
Q

how much blood in avg person?

A

5L (70 cc/kg)

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24
Q

how blood cells differ from other cells

A

short life span (except lymphocytes, macrophages)

multiplicity of cell types

widely distributed throughout body (only liquid tissue in body)

bone marrow must respond quickly to emergent need for additional cells (7-8x)

hematopoetic stem cells maintained throughout life, through self-renewal process

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25
how many blood cells produced daily?
10 trillion
26
erythroblast
immature RBC in bone marrow nucleated (big -> small -> extruded) then cell enters peripheral blood
27
erythrocytes exhibit what kind of coloration on smear?
polychromasia- many colors
28
reticulocyte
newborn erythrocytes count these in an anemic pt; if count is low, bone marrow problem; if have enough, problem is in peripheral blood
29
characteristic of normal small mature lymphocyte
has area of central pallor
30
shape of RBC
biconcave disc
31
why is RBC not a perfect sphere?
disc shape increases surface area:volume ratio
32
functions of RBC per shape
1. increased SA means more gas exchange between oxygen to tissue, CO2 away from tissue 2. deformability- must fit through smallest tiny capillaries in blood
33
structure of RBC membrane allows for what?
slippery; doesn't adhere to endothelial cells, doesn't aggregate
34
RBC membrane structural components
1. lipid bilayer- slipper, impeded adherence 2. integral membrane proteins- chloride-bicarbonate exchange (band 3) 3. cytoskeleton proteins- maintain cellular shape, deformability, tensile strength
35
what don't erythrocytes have?
organelles
36
what do erythrocytes use for anaerobic respiration/why?
no mitochondria | need G6PD, NADPH to reduce oxidants and maintain hemoglobin iron in reduced state for O binding
37
life span of erythrocyte?
120 days/300 miles
38
red cells most important function?
carry oxygen to tissues
39
most abundant protein in blood?
hemoglobin
40
most abundant protein in plasma?
albumin
41
structure of hemoglobin
2 alpha globin chains, 2 beta globin chains, 4 heme molcules w/ iron in center of each
42
function of hemoglobin
transports oxygen from lungs to tissues; transports CO2 from tissues to lungs
43
what causes sickle cells
defect in hemoglobin structure
44
what causes microcytic cells
red cells smaller than should be | iron deficiency causes it
45
what happens if RBC become spherocyte
pt becomes anemic because these RBC easily removable from circulation, get hemolized
46
megakaryocyte
big cell of bone marrow, see 3-4 in bone marrow aspirate hyper diploid cell w/ a very large cytoplasm
47
why megakaryocyte so large?
undergoes special division where only nucleus divides - ENDOREDUPLICATION
48
how does megakaryocyte form
during platelet formation, cytoplasm breaks off into little pieces; leaves lung; enters bone marrow, breaks down further; becomes platelet
49
platelet clumping
in vitro artifact of megakaryocyte causes incorrect CBC
50
characteristics of platelets
anuclear, 1-3u, 7-10 day life span, 150-400,000/ul, all organelles, electronic dense granules, microtubules, contractile proteins, membrane proteins
51
functions of platelets
first line defense at vascular injury site (adhesion, activation, aggregation) platform for fibrin formation (clot) mediate inflammation mediate vascular constriction (serotonin) mediate fibroblast proliferation (PDGF)
52
thrombocytopenia
too few platelets, results in bleeding in mucocutaneous locations like mucosa, lips, skin
53
types of WBC
leukocytes = WBC neutrophil (55-65%, eosinophil (2-5%), basophil (1%), monocyte (3-8%), lymphocyte (20-25%)
54
2 groups of WBC
granulocyte (granules in cytoplasm), agranuloocyte
55
most numerous type of granulocyte?
neutrophil
56
most numerous agranulocyte?
lymphocyte
57
normal WBC count?
5-10 x 10^3 leukocytes/ul
58
most mature form of neutrophil in blood?
segmented neutrophil
59
neutrophil types
band, segmented
60
neutrophil life span
6 hours in blood; 1-5 days in tissues
61
proteins in neutrophils
actin, myosin
62
cytoplasmic granules in neutrophils
specific: lysozyme, alk phos; | non-specific: acid phos, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase
63
neutrophil function
motility (contractile proteins) - chemotaxins, released at site of tissue damage, attract PMNs to infected/inflammed tissue endocytosis/phagocytosis endotoxin mediates G-CSF, GM-CSF release from marrow stromal cells resulting in neutrophilia
64
what are released when infection/tissue damage occurs, that attracts neutrophils?
hemotaxins
65
how do neutrophils fight infection?
leave circulation, form pseudopoedia, engulf bacteria/damaged tissue and release phagosomes, break apart/kill bacteria, allow blood to wash away
66
leukocytosis
too many WBC
67
granulocytosis
too many granulocytes
68
what kind of disease is chronic myelogenous leukemia?
granulocytosis
69
eoisnophil characteristics
bipobed nucleus; specific granules
70
how long do eosinophils live?
circulate for several hours after leaving marrow; then enter skin, pulmonary or GI mucosa; may migrate into local secretions
71
what do eosinophils do?
phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
72
what kind of receptors do eosinophils have?
receptors for IgE
73
when are there increased numbers of eosinophils?
allergy, parasitic infections
74
what do basophil granules contain?
heparin, histamine
75
what kind of receptors do basophils have?
receptors for IgE, produced by plasma cells in response to allergens; when bound, degranulation and release of histamine occurs
76
what do basophils do
mediate allergic responses
77
what are basophils precursors of?
tissue mast cells
78
what type of granules do monocytes have?
azurophilic granules, with lysosomal enzymes
79
what type of receptors do monocytes have?
Fc and Complement receptors on surface
80
how long do monocytes live?
differentiate into tissue macrophages -> live months to years
81
characteristics of monocytes
motile, phagocytic
82
lymphocyte function
effect immune response
83
T cell function
lymphocyte- cell mediated immunity
84
B cell function
lymphocyte- humor immunity
85
what percentage of blood leukocytes are monocytes?
3-8%

Structures (ASV) (30 decks)

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