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Structures (ASV) > Lecture 23: Blood Microstructure, Content (2/2) > Flashcards

Lecture 23: Blood Microstructure, Content (2/2) Flashcards

1
Q

hematopoesis

A

formation and development of blood cells

very few starting cells produce massive numbers of mature cells

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2
Q

pleuropotent cell

A

undifferentiated cell, can give rise to all cell lineages

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3
Q

what influences hematopoetic stem cell differentiation

A

cytokein

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4
Q

are hematopoetic stem cells pleuripotent?

A

most evidence- only produce blood cells, not other organs, although some info says can make cardiac tissue

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5
Q

longest living blood cells?

A

red blood cells, 4 month survival

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6
Q

most abundant blood cell in body?

A

red blood cell, 1000x more than white cells

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7
Q

platelet function

A

clotting, stop bleeding

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8
Q

where is blood produced

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

yellow marrow

A

fat

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10
Q

red marrow

A

cellular tissue

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11
Q

megacaryocyte

A

largest cell in bone marrow, gives rise to platelets

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12
Q

survival time of granulocyte

A

< 10 hours

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13
Q

survival time of platelets

A

1 week

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14
Q

how many blood cells lost/replaced every day?

A

approximately 10 x 10^12

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15
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBC

carry oxygen

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16
Q

leukocytes

A

WBC

fight infection

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17
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

hemostasis - control bleeding

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18
Q

types of blood cells

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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19
Q

types of blood plasma

A

electrolytes, proteins, lipids

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20
Q

electrolyte function

A

maintain tonicity

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21
Q

plasma protein function

A

albumin, globulins (antibodies), clotting factors- stop bleeding

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22
Q

plasma lipids function

A

serum

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23
Q

how much blood in avg person?

A

5L (70 cc/kg)

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24
Q

how blood cells differ from other cells

A

short life span (except lymphocytes, macrophages)

multiplicity of cell types

widely distributed throughout body (only liquid tissue in body)

bone marrow must respond quickly to emergent need for additional cells (7-8x)

hematopoetic stem cells maintained throughout life, through self-renewal process

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25
Q

how many blood cells produced daily?

A

10 trillion

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26
Q

erythroblast

A

immature RBC in bone marrow

nucleated (big -> small -> extruded) then cell enters peripheral blood

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27
Q

erythrocytes exhibit what kind of coloration on smear?

A

polychromasia- many colors

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28
Q

reticulocyte

A

newborn erythrocytes

count these in an anemic pt; if count is low, bone marrow problem; if have enough, problem is in peripheral blood

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29
Q

characteristic of normal small mature lymphocyte

A

has area of central pallor

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30
Q

shape of RBC

A

biconcave disc

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31
Q

why is RBC not a perfect sphere?

A

disc shape increases surface area:volume ratio

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32
Q

functions of RBC per shape

A
  1. increased SA means more gas exchange between oxygen to tissue, CO2 away from tissue
  2. deformability- must fit through smallest tiny capillaries in blood
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33
Q

structure of RBC membrane allows for what?

A

slippery; doesn’t adhere to endothelial cells, doesn’t aggregate

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34
Q

RBC membrane structural components

A
  1. lipid bilayer- slipper, impeded adherence
  2. integral membrane proteins- chloride-bicarbonate exchange (band 3)
  3. cytoskeleton proteins- maintain cellular shape, deformability, tensile strength
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35
Q

what don’t erythrocytes have?

A

organelles

36
Q

what do erythrocytes use for anaerobic respiration/why?

A

no mitochondria

need G6PD, NADPH to reduce oxidants and maintain hemoglobin iron in reduced state for O binding

37
Q

life span of erythrocyte?

A

120 days/300 miles

38
Q

red cells most important function?

A

carry oxygen to tissues

39
Q

most abundant protein in blood?

A

hemoglobin

40
Q

most abundant protein in plasma?

A

albumin

41
Q

structure of hemoglobin

A

2 alpha globin chains, 2 beta globin chains, 4 heme molcules w/ iron in center of each

42
Q

function of hemoglobin

A

transports oxygen from lungs to tissues; transports CO2 from tissues to lungs

43
Q

what causes sickle cells

A

defect in hemoglobin structure

44
Q

what causes microcytic cells

A

red cells smaller than should be

iron deficiency causes it

45
Q

what happens if RBC become spherocyte

A

pt becomes anemic because these RBC easily removable from circulation, get hemolized

46
Q

megakaryocyte

A

big cell of bone marrow, see 3-4 in bone marrow aspirate

hyper diploid cell w/ a very large cytoplasm

47
Q

why megakaryocyte so large?

A

undergoes special division where only nucleus divides - ENDOREDUPLICATION

48
Q

how does megakaryocyte form

A

during platelet formation, cytoplasm breaks off into little pieces; leaves lung; enters bone marrow, breaks down further; becomes platelet

49
Q

platelet clumping

A

in vitro artifact of megakaryocyte

causes incorrect CBC

50
Q

characteristics of platelets

A

anuclear, 1-3u, 7-10 day life span, 150-400,000/ul, all organelles, electronic dense granules, microtubules, contractile proteins, membrane proteins

51
Q

functions of platelets

A

first line defense at vascular injury site (adhesion, activation, aggregation)

platform for fibrin formation (clot)

mediate inflammation

mediate vascular constriction (serotonin)

mediate fibroblast proliferation (PDGF)

52
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

too few platelets, results in bleeding in mucocutaneous locations like mucosa, lips, skin

53
Q

types of WBC

A

leukocytes = WBC

neutrophil (55-65%, eosinophil (2-5%), basophil (1%), monocyte (3-8%), lymphocyte (20-25%)

54
Q

2 groups of WBC

A

granulocyte (granules in cytoplasm), agranuloocyte

55
Q

most numerous type of granulocyte?

A

neutrophil

56
Q

most numerous agranulocyte?

A

lymphocyte

57
Q

normal WBC count?

A

5-10 x 10^3 leukocytes/ul

58
Q

most mature form of neutrophil in blood?

A

segmented neutrophil

59
Q

neutrophil types

A

band, segmented

60
Q

neutrophil life span

A

6 hours in blood; 1-5 days in tissues

61
Q

proteins in neutrophils

A

actin, myosin

62
Q

cytoplasmic granules in neutrophils

A

specific: lysozyme, alk phos;

non-specific: acid phos, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase

63
Q

neutrophil function

A

motility (contractile proteins) - chemotaxins, released at site of tissue damage, attract PMNs to infected/inflammed tissue

endocytosis/phagocytosis

endotoxin mediates G-CSF, GM-CSF release from marrow stromal cells resulting in neutrophilia

64
Q

what are released when infection/tissue damage occurs, that attracts neutrophils?

A

hemotaxins

65
Q

how do neutrophils fight infection?

A

leave circulation, form pseudopoedia, engulf bacteria/damaged tissue and release phagosomes, break apart/kill bacteria, allow blood to wash away

66
Q

leukocytosis

A

too many WBC

67
Q

granulocytosis

A

too many granulocytes

68
Q

what kind of disease is chronic myelogenous leukemia?

A

granulocytosis

69
Q

eoisnophil characteristics

A

bipobed nucleus; specific granules

70
Q

how long do eosinophils live?

A

circulate for several hours after leaving marrow; then enter skin, pulmonary or GI mucosa; may migrate into local secretions

71
Q

what do eosinophils do?

A

phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes

72
Q

what kind of receptors do eosinophils have?

A

receptors for IgE

73
Q

when are there increased numbers of eosinophils?

A

allergy, parasitic infections

74
Q

what do basophil granules contain?

A

heparin, histamine

75
Q

what kind of receptors do basophils have?

A

receptors for IgE, produced by plasma cells in response to allergens; when bound, degranulation and release of histamine occurs

76
Q

what do basophils do

A

mediate allergic responses

77
Q

what are basophils precursors of?

A

tissue mast cells

78
Q

what type of granules do monocytes have?

A

azurophilic granules, with lysosomal enzymes

79
Q

what type of receptors do monocytes have?

A

Fc and Complement receptors on surface

80
Q

how long do monocytes live?

A

differentiate into tissue macrophages -> live months to years

81
Q

characteristics of monocytes

A

motile, phagocytic

82
Q

lymphocyte function

A

effect immune response

83
Q

T cell function

A

lymphocyte- cell mediated immunity

84
Q

B cell function

A

lymphocyte- humor immunity

85
Q

what percentage of blood leukocytes are monocytes?

A

3-8%

Structures (ASV) (30 decks)

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