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Structures (ASV) > Lecture 18: Embryonic Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Embryonic Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

lower respiratory tract consists of

A

epiglottis, larynx, trachea, left and right lung, pulmonary blood vessels, heart, upper lobes, middle lobe (r), lower lobes

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2
Q

when/where laryngothracheal groove forms

A

week 4

lower/back part of throat, connects w/ surface ectoderm of mouth

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3
Q

respiratory primordium is

A

laryngotracheal groove; median outgrowth of ventral wall of pharynx

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4
Q

respiratory diverticulum

A

bud outpouching of tissue of ventral wall of foregut, will form 2 lungs

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5
Q

laryngotracheal tube tissue layers

A

endoderm, sphlancnic mesoderm

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6
Q

endoderm of laryngotracheal tube becomes

A

epithelium and glands of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and pulmonary epithelium

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7
Q

sphlancnic mesoderm of laryngotracheal tube becomes

A

connective tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle

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8
Q

larynx functions

A

communicates with mouth/nasal cavities for swallowing, respiration, voice production

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9
Q

larynx borders

A

upper: epiglottis
lower: cricoid cartilage

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10
Q

artenoid swellings

A

cranial end of L-T tube; are 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches mesenchyme that proliferate

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11
Q

laryngeal inlet

A

T-shaped region of mesenchymal tissue formed by meeting of artenoid swellings; temporarily occludes respiratory tract before recanalizing

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12
Q

vocal cord formation

A

after recanalization of larynx, laryngeal ventricles/cartilages become vocal cords

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13
Q

epiglottis function

A

covers the larynx so food doesn’t get into the lungs

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14
Q

epiglottis derivation

A

caudal hypobranchial eminence 4th-6th arch myloblasts

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15
Q

laryngeal web

A

non-lethal anomaly, occurs when recanalization of larynx isn’t complete (week 10) and get partial obstruction of newborn’s airway

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16
Q

trachea derivation

A

lung buds that separate from foregut become trachea and 2 bronchial buds

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17
Q

laryngothracheal (L-T) diverticlum timing

A

end of week 4

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18
Q

tissue layers of L-T tube

A

mesoderm, endoderm

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19
Q

where long bud forms

A

distal end of L-T diverticulum

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20
Q

T-E folds become

A

T-E septum

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21
Q

number of lobes of each lung

A

Left: 2; Right:: 3

22
Q

what T-E septum separates

A

laryngotrachel tube from oro-pharynx, esophagus

23
Q

T-E fistula is

A

when T-E folds don’t completely separate the trachea and esophagus, get abnormal communication between trachea and esophagus

24
Q

most common anomaly of lower respiratory tract

A

T-E fistula; 85% associated with esophegeal atresia

25
Q

incidence of T-E fistula

A

1/3000-1/4500 live births; male>females; 85% associated w/ esophageal atresia

26
Q

what surrounds alveoli/why

A

capillaries; take in oxygen

27
Q

where lungs form

A

within pericardioperotneal canals (2)

28
Q

1st branch off trachea on each side

A

primary bronchus

29
Q

branches of primary bronchus

A

secondary bronchi; 2 on L, 3 on R

30
Q

characteristics of right secondary bronchi

A

larger, shorter, more vertically oriented

3 secondary bronchi

more likely to get something stuck in bronchi because of verticality

31
Q

characteristics of left secondary bronchi

A

2 secondary bronchi with 2 lobes

more horizontal orientation

32
Q

number of orders of branching of bronchi by 24 weeks

A

17 orders

33
Q

bronchopulmonary segment made of

A

bronchus + mesenchyme

34
Q

lung maturation stages

A
  1. pseudoglandular pd
  2. canalicular pd
  3. terminal sac pd
  4. alveolar pd
35
Q

pseoduglandular period

A

1st period of lung development, 6-16 weeks

formation and growth of duct systems

bronchopulmonary segments not well developed

fetuses can’s surive

inefficient/impossible oxygen exchange

36
Q

canalicular period

A

16-25 weeks (2nd pd of lung development)

bronchi and terminal bronchioles enlarge, encompass capillaries

highly vascular

alveolar sacs not truly differentiated

respiration possible

37
Q

terminal sac period

A

26 weeks to birth

capillaries bulge into alveoli

epithelium very thin so no intervening mesoderm for oxygen to get across

contact between epithelial and endothelial cells permit gas exchange

type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant

38
Q

function of surfactant

A

from type II alveolar cells

form monomolecular fil over internal walls of terminal saccules

lower surface tension

reaches adequate levels in late fetal period

39
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

babies born prior to 26-8 weeks; due to lack of surfactant, insufficient alveolar surface area, inadequate pulmonary vasculature

40
Q

alveolar period

A

gestation/birth to 8 years old

capillaries are immediately adjacent to alveoli- gas exchange easy

terminal saccules will be future alveolar ducts

41
Q

percentage of alveoli formed after birth

A

95%

42
Q

what autonomous gas exchange requires (in alveolar pd)

A

surfactant
transformation of lungs to a gas exchanging organ
est of parallel pulmonary and systemic circulations

43
Q

what increases after birth re: lungs

A

surface area of air-blood barrier, via growth of alveoli and capillaries

44
Q

number of capillaries from birth to age 8

A

50 million to 300 million

45
Q

chest xray of newborn infant vs adult

A

will be dense

46
Q

how does fetus prepare for breathing

A

fetal breathing movements that condition respiratory muscles, stimulate lung development

47
Q

at birth, what exchanges re: lungs?

A

intra-alveolar fluid exchanges with air

48
Q

what in-utero normal lung development depends on

A

adequate thoracic space for lung growth, fetal breathing movements, amniotic fluid volume

49
Q

why amniotic fluid matters for lung development

A

keeps muscles of uterus from collapsing on baby’s lungs/chest

50
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

caused by lack of surfactant production, so alveoli don’t inflate properly

occurs in 2% live newborns

treat with berthamethasone, a steroid mother takes that causes fetal lung cells to make surfactant

51
Q

what causes esophageal atresia with a TE fistula

A

incomplete fusion of T-E folds

Structures (ASV) (30 decks)

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