Lecture 19: Confidence

Question 1

Defining self-confidence (& self-efficacy)

Answer 1

• Self-confidence = ‘the belief that you can successfully perform a certain behaviour’
  = trait & state self-confidence
• Self-efficacy = ‘the perception of one’s ability to perform a task successfully’

Question 2

Effects of self-confidence

Answer 2

• Self-confidence -> affect, cognition, behaviour
• Affect = anxiety
• Cognition = concentration, goals, game strategies, psychological momentum
• Behaviour = effort, performance

Question 3

Confidence & anxiety

Answer 3

• Krane (1994) = confidence is negatively correlated with anxiety
• Mental readiness measure
• Somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, confidence

Question 4

Confident athletes approach success

Answer 4

• Confident athlete = set challenging goals
  = approach success
• Non-confident athlete = easy goals
  = avoid failure

Question 5

Confidence & psychological momentum

Answer 5

• High confidence -> performance success -> HC -> concentration, effort -> PS
• Low confidence -> distraction, lack of effect -> performance failure -> LC ->

Question 6

Psychological momentum

Answer 6

• Harris et al. (2019) = bidirectional relationship between pressure and performance failure feedback
• 212,356 offensive plays from the NFL
  = IV 1: high pressure vs. low pressure plays
  = IV 2: success vs. failure
  = DV: failure rate
• Proposed mechanism = pressure -> anxiety -> distraction -> failure -> A etc.
• Post-failure increases failure rate

Question 7

Self-confidence and performance

Answer 7

• Moritz et al. (2000) = meta-analysis review
  = 45 studies (102 correlations) = self efficacy, subjective and/or objective performance
  = Self-efficacy positively correlates with subjective and objective performance: r = .38 (medium effect size)
  = Cross-sectional/correlational data
• Wells et al. (1993) = self efficacy - performance link in max. strength variable
  = manipulating self-efficacy = light or heavy life
  = conclusion: increase self-efficacy positively influenced gain in weight

Question 8

Expectations of others

Answer 8

Coach forms expectations -> expectations affect coach behaviour -> coach behaviour affects athlete performance ->

Question 9

Under and overconfidence

Answer 9

• Confidence should be based on actual ability

Question 10

Sources of sport-confidence

Answer 10

• Sources = achievement, self-regulation, social climate
• Constructs = confidence in decision-making skills, confidence in physical skills and training, confidence in resiliency
• Effects = affect, cognition, behaviour
  Demographic & personality characteristics -> organisational culture

Question 11

Building confidence

Answer 11

• Focusing on performance accomplishments (achievement)
  = prior performance
  = create opportunities for success
• Thinking & acting confidently (self-regulation)
  = self-talk
  = imagery
• Fostering social climate (social climate)
  = social support
  = mastery climate
  = autonomous coaching style