Lecture 15: Goal Setting Flashcards
1
Q
Goal
A
- Objective goals = the desire to attain a ‘specific standard of proficiency on a task, usually within a specified time’
- Subjective goals = general statements of intent that are not measurable or objective
2
Q
Different types of goals
A
- Outcome goals = winning & losing, outperforming others - others referenced
- Performance goals = achieving performance objective independently of others - self references
- Process goals = actions required during performance to perform well
3
Q
Goal-setting effectiveness (Kyllo & Landers, 1995)
A
- Meta-analysis of 36 studies on goal-setting in sport & exercise = 136 effect sizes
- Overall effect size = 0.36 (moderate effect that GS helps)
- Effect sizes differ on how tricky goal is = harder goal, less effect GS has
- Effect size increases with specificity of goal
- GS strongest if combine long-term & short-term goals
4
Q
Working mechanisms (Locke & Latham, 2002)
A
- Thought processes: lower anxiety, increased confidence (indirect effects)
- Goal-setting -> Performance (direct effect)
- Performance = direct attention
= mobilize effort
= persistence
= new learning strategies
5
Q
Principles of GS (based on research to make GS effective)
A
- Set specific goals
- Set moderately difficult goals
- Set long and short-term goals
- Set performance, process & outcome goals
- Set practice and competition goals
- Record goals
- Develop goal achievement strategies
- Consider individual differences
- Foster goal-commitment
- Provide goal support
- Provide feedback & evaluate progress
6
Q
Problems in GS
A
- Convincing athletes of GS effectiveness
- Failing to set specific goals
- Setting too many goals too soon
- Failing to adjust goals
- Failing to recognise individual differences
- Not providing follow-up and evaluation
7
Q
GS in practice
A
- Stage 1: prep & planning = needs assessment, identify goal areas
- Stage 2: Education and acquisition
- Stage 3: Implementation, followup & eval = organise support, make eval. plan
