Lecture 16: Abdominal Organs

Question 0

What is the parietal peritoneum sensitive too?

Answer 0

Pressure, touch, pain, heat, cold, laceration

Question 1

What are the two types of peritoneum?

Answer 1

PARIETAL peritoneum => lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall.

VISCERAL peritoneum => encloses the viscera such
as the stomach and spleen.

Question 2

What is the visceral peritoneum sensitive to?

Answer 2

Pressure ( stretching ) and pain

Question 3

What are some RETROPERITONEAL organs

Answer 3

Kidney, duodenum and pancreas

Question 4

What are some INTRAPERITONEAL organs?

Answer 4

Spleen and stomach

Question 5

What is the purpose of the transverse mesocolon?

Answer 5

anchors transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall and creates supra- and infa-colic compartments.

Question 6

What is the omentum?

Answer 6

Double-layered extension of peritoneum

Question 7

Where is the epiploic foramen located?

Answer 7

Near gall bladder,between greater and lesser omental sac.

Question 8

The greater and lesser sac communicate via what structure?

Answer 8

epiploic foramen

Question 9

What supplies blood to the spleen?

Answer 9

Splenic artery branch of coeliac trunk

Question 10

In which quadrant is the spleen located?

Answer 10

Left hypochondriac region

Question 11

The ligamentum teres or the round ligament of the liver use to be what?

Answer 11

Umbilical vein

Question 12

What attaches the liver to anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 12

Falciform ligament

Question 13

A fractured rib can tear the liver causing what? Where does this pain generate to?

Answer 13

Causes a haemorrhage, pain in right upper quadrant

Question 14

What is runners stitch?

Answer 14

Liver receives large amount of blood immediately before it enters heart = > can become engorged => pain in RIGHT
HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION

Question 15

All venous drainage from the GI tract enters the liver via what vessels?

Answer 15

Blood from GIT, pancreas, gallbladder spleen enter the hepatic PORTAL VEIN => liver sinusoids => HEPATIC VEINS => INFERIOR VENA CAVA=> heart

Question 16

Small veins accompanying round ligament of
liver connects umbilicus with left branch of portal
vein as it enters the liver. *connection between what?

Answer 16

paraumbilical vessels and portal system

Question 17

The portal hepatic vein is formed when what two vessels join at what level?

Answer 17

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

L2

Question 18

What is Caput medusae?

Answer 18

Distention of paraumbilical veins on anterolateral abdominal wall due to liver cirrhosis.

Question 19

Name the four lobes of the liver?

Answer 19

Left, right, caudate and quadrate

Question 20

Portal veins vs hepatic veins

Answer 20

Portal vein drains blood from GIT;

hepatic veins drain blood from liver to IVC

Question 21

What is the function of the gall bladder?

Answer 21

receives, stores and concentrates bile from liver.

Question 22

The left and right hepatic ducts form what?

Answer 22

Common hepatic duct

Question 23

The common hepatic duct branches into what two things?

Answer 23

Cystic duct and bile duct

Question 24

The bile duct goes into either what two structures?

Answer 24

hepatopancreatic ampulla => major/greater duodenal papilla into duodenum OR the main pancreatic duct supplying the pancreas

Question 25

What are Gallstones (cholelithiasis) ?

Answer 25

• Stone formation in gallbladder & extra-hepatic ducts.

- 10-20% of adults in developed countries.

Question 26

Pain due to gallstones is referred to where?

Answer 26

just below right scapula (T6-T9 dermatomes) or even right shoulder if it irritates the diaphragm.

Question 27

What occurs in bile obstruction?

Answer 27

jaundice -yellow discolouration of skin & sclera caused by billirubin accumulation in blood plasma

Question 28

The pancreas extends along the transpyloric line at what vertebrae level?

Answer 28

L1

Note: pancreatic cancer can represent as back pain

Question 29

What are the major stimulus and the parasympathetic stimulus of the pancreas?

Answer 29

Major stimulus: secretin & cholecystokinin

Parasympathetic stimulus: vagus nerve

Question 30

Innervation of abdominal organs?

Answer 30

Parasympathetic: vagus
Sympathetic:greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves.

-Pre-synaptic sympathetic fibres from IML (T1-L2) to ganglia on aorta
- Post-synaptic sympathetic fibres extend from
these ganglia to target organs.

Question 31

What are the specific levels of the splanchnic nerves? Greater. Lesser. Least. Lumbar?

Answer 31

Greater splanchnic: T5-T9
Lesser splanchnic: T10-T11
Least splanchnic: T12
Lumbar splanchnic: L1- L2/L3

Question 32

Where does Innervation of abdominal organs change to parasympathetic fibres?

Answer 32

Middle of sigmoid colon and travel back with S2-S4( pelvic splanchnic)