Lecture 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Transcriptional Regulation

A

the change in gene expression levels by altering transcription rates

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2
Q

Operon

A

Multiple genes made as one mRNA from a single control region. Each gene in the operon has its own Shine-Dalgarno sequence

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3
Q

Promoter

A

a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.

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4
Q

Control Protein

A

Controls whether or not the mRNA can be transcribed. Turns the genes on or off

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5
Q

Negative Control

A

Prevents mRNA synthesis when binded

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6
Q

Operator

A

The binding site of the protein regulators

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7
Q

Repressor Protein

A

Binds downstream(after) the promoter. When binding it prevents mRNA synthesis

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8
Q

Positive Control

A

Allows mRNA synthesis when binded

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9
Q

Activator Protein

A

Binds upstream(before) the promoter. When binding it allows mRNA synthesis

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10
Q

Environmental signal

A

How the genes turn on or off with the environment. Proteins bind to the Repressor or Activator Protein to change what it does

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11
Q

Inducer

A

Can bind to repressor proteins and block the operator and mRNA is made

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12
Q

Induction

A

Small molecule or environmental signal that turns the gene on, without it the gene is off

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13
Q

Inducible

A

mRNA is not produced by default(repressor protein), but can be turned on by certain conditions

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14
Q

Co-Repressor

A

It is a defect in the protein to make it not be able to bind, so a co-repressor comes in and fills the gap so it can bind

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15
Q

Repression

A

A small molecule or environment signal that turns the gene off. Without it the gene is turned on

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16
Q

Repressible

A

mRNA is produced by default(activator protein) but can be turned off by certain conditions

17
Q

Lac Repressor

A

Allows the bacterium to respond to the environmental presence of lactose and glucose. If lactose is present the bacterium wants to break it down to get energy, but if it isn’t it is wasteful to transcribe and translate the genes the cell would use in its catabolism. If glucose is present the cell will shut off lactose catabolism until it runs out of glucose

18
Q

Negative Control with Induction

A

Lactose is not present, it is wasteful to transcribe and translate the genes that cell would use in its catabolism

19
Q

Catabolite Activator Protein

A

a regulatory protein in bacteria. CRP protein binds cAMP, which causes a conformational change that allows CRP to bind tightly to a specific DNA site in the promoters of the genes it controls

20
Q

cAMP

A

When cAMP goes up Glucose goes down. Senses the absence of glucose

21
Q

Positive Control with Induction

A

if glucose is present if it more efficient to use glucose, so the cell will shut off lactose catabolism until it has run out of glucose

22
Q

Two Component Regulatory System

A

Sensor kinase and response regulator

23
Q

Sensory Kinase

A

senses the environment

24
Q

Response Regulator

A

Usually an activator protein that regulates the cell’s response to the environment

25
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

More bacteria = higher concentration of Quorums

26
Q

Homoserine Lactone (HSL)

A

a class of signaling molecules involved in bacterial quorum sensing. Quorum sensing is a method of communication between bacteria that enables the coordination of group-based behavior based on population density.

27
Q

Cassette Switching

A

a manipulable fragment of DNA carrying, and capable of expressing, one or more genes of interest between one or more sets of restriction sites. It can be transferred from one DNA sequence (usually on a vector) to another by ‘cutting’ the fragment out using restriction enzymes and ‘pasting’ it back into the new context.

28
Q

Silent (cryptic) gene

A

Don’t have promoters

29
Q

Expressed Gene

A

The full use of the information in a gene via transcription and translation leading to production of a protein and hence the appearance of the phenotype determined by that gene.