Lecture 14

Question 1

Central Dogma

Answer 1

an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It show replication, transcription, and translation. The modern version is a triangle.

Question 2

Replication

Answer 2

DNA making DNA

Question 3

Transcription

Answer 3

DNA making RNA

Question 4

Reverse Transription

Answer 4

DNA made from an RNA template

Question 5

Translation

Answer 5

The RNA makes a protein

Question 6

Antiparallel double helix

Answer 6

One end of the DNA runs 5’ to 3’ and the other runs 3’ to 5’

Question 7

Hydrogen bonded base pair

Answer 7

The two antiparallel double helix’s are joined with hydrogen bonds. The A-T, C-G. the bond is a hydrogen bond

Question 8

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 8

Join the sugars of the DNA together. There are multiple sugars in one strand of DNA and each sugar is attached by a phosphodiester bond

Question 9

5’ phosphate

Answer 9

This strand runs 5’-3’ and the phosphate group starts the strand

Question 10

3’ hydroxyl

Answer 10

This strand runs 3’-5’ and the -OH group starts the strand.

Question 11

Pyrophasphate

Answer 11

The 2 phosphate groups drop off the sugar in order for it to be joined to another sugar

Question 12

Primer

Answer 12

Its a strand of nucleic acid that serves as a starting point for DNA replication.

Question 13

Template

Answer 13

This is used by DNA polymerase to make a copy of the DNA. It reads it 3’-5’

Question 14

Proofreading

Answer 14

Its like a backspace. if the wrong base is added it backs up a space, removes it and replaces it with the right one

Question 15

Semiconservative

Answer 15

Produces two strands of DNA and each strand has a side of the original strand in it

Question 16

Bidirectional

Answer 16

Replication begins at a certain location and replicated in opposite directions

Question 17

Theta replication

Answer 17

It is where there are 2 forks in the DNA and the replication is bidirectional

Question 18

Replication bubble

Answer 18

Same thing as theta replication. There are 2 forks in the DNA and the replication is bidirectional

Question 19

ori C/ ter

Answer 19

Ori C is the starting point of DNA replication and Ter is the ending point of DNA repliation

Question 20

Leading Strand

Answer 20

Continuously builds DNA. One continuous stand. Builds 5’-3’

Question 21

Lagging Strand

Answer 21

Builds in fragments. It loops back around on itself

Question 22

Okazaki Fragment

Answer 22

On the lagging strand. Each piece of the DNA is a okazaki fragment.

Question 23

Helicase

Answer 23

Separates the two DNA strands

Question 24

Gyrase

Answer 24

Cuts the DNA, untwists it, and repastes it so it doesn’t get tightly wound

Question 25

Primase

Answer 25

A synthesized RNA strand that allows new nucleotides to bind to it. It primes the replication process.

Question 26

DNA Polymerase

Answer 26

synthesizes DNA molecules from their nucleotide building blocks. DNA polymerases are essential for DNA replication, and usually function in pairs while copying one double-stranded DNA molecule into two double-stranded DNAs in a process termed semiconservative DNA replication

Question 27

RNA Polymerase

Answer 27

necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription. Does not need a primer

Question 28

Sigma Factor

Answer 28

Proteins needed for the initiation of RNA synthesis. Genes are recognized by different sigma factors.

Question 29

Core Enzyme

Answer 29

consists of the subunits of an enzyme that are needed for catalytic activity, as in the core enzyme RNA polymerase.
An example of a core enzyme is a RNA polymerase enzyme without the sigma factor (σ). This enzyme consists of only two alpha (2α), one beta (β) and one beta prime (β’).

Question 30

Promoter

Answer 30

a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are located near the genes they transcribe. Represented by a 90degree corner arrow

Question 31

Consensus Sequence

Answer 31

Promoter is two consensus sequences separated by 15-17 base pairs

Question 32

-10/-35 sites

Answer 32

On each end of the promoter one end is -10 and ther other is -35. Each gene has its own number

Question 33

Gene

Answer 33

Throughout DNA on either strand, beginning as a special DNA sequence is called a promoter. The are recognized by different sigma factors. Genes are very big

Question 34

Template Strand/ Nontemplate Strand

Answer 34

Template Stand is the original DNA that is being copied and the nontemplate strand is the part of the DNA strand no being copied.

Question 35

Hairpin Loop Terminator

Answer 35

It is the place where DNA stops replicating. It is a loop of nucleotide base pairs that bubble up causing the replication to stop