Lecture 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Dogma

A

an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It show replication, transcription, and translation. The modern version is a triangle.

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2
Q

Replication

A

DNA making DNA

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3
Q

Transcription

A

DNA making RNA

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4
Q

Reverse Transription

A

DNA made from an RNA template

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5
Q

Translation

A

The RNA makes a protein

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6
Q

Antiparallel double helix

A

One end of the DNA runs 5’ to 3’ and the other runs 3’ to 5’

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7
Q

Hydrogen bonded base pair

A

The two antiparallel double helix’s are joined with hydrogen bonds. The A-T, C-G. the bond is a hydrogen bond

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8
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Join the sugars of the DNA together. There are multiple sugars in one strand of DNA and each sugar is attached by a phosphodiester bond

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9
Q

5’ phosphate

A

This strand runs 5’-3’ and the phosphate group starts the strand

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10
Q

3’ hydroxyl

A

This strand runs 3’-5’ and the -OH group starts the strand.

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11
Q

Pyrophasphate

A

The 2 phosphate groups drop off the sugar in order for it to be joined to another sugar

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12
Q

Primer

A

Its a strand of nucleic acid that serves as a starting point for DNA replication.

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13
Q

Template

A

This is used by DNA polymerase to make a copy of the DNA. It reads it 3’-5’

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14
Q

Proofreading

A

Its like a backspace. if the wrong base is added it backs up a space, removes it and replaces it with the right one

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15
Q

Semiconservative

A

Produces two strands of DNA and each strand has a side of the original strand in it

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16
Q

Bidirectional

A

Replication begins at a certain location and replicated in opposite directions

17
Q

Theta replication

A

It is where there are 2 forks in the DNA and the replication is bidirectional

18
Q

Replication bubble

A

Same thing as theta replication. There are 2 forks in the DNA and the replication is bidirectional

19
Q

ori C/ ter

A

Ori C is the starting point of DNA replication and Ter is the ending point of DNA repliation

20
Q

Leading Strand

A

Continuously builds DNA. One continuous stand. Builds 5’-3’

21
Q

Lagging Strand

A

Builds in fragments. It loops back around on itself

22
Q

Okazaki Fragment

A

On the lagging strand. Each piece of the DNA is a okazaki fragment.

23
Q

Helicase

A

Separates the two DNA strands

24
Q

Gyrase

A

Cuts the DNA, untwists it, and repastes it so it doesn’t get tightly wound

25
Q

Primase

A

A synthesized RNA strand that allows new nucleotides to bind to it. It primes the replication process.

26
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

synthesizes DNA molecules from their nucleotide building blocks. DNA polymerases are essential for DNA replication, and usually function in pairs while copying one double-stranded DNA molecule into two double-stranded DNAs in a process termed semiconservative DNA replication

27
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription. Does not need a primer

28
Q

Sigma Factor

A

Proteins needed for the initiation of RNA synthesis. Genes are recognized by different sigma factors.

29
Q

Core Enzyme

A

consists of the subunits of an enzyme that are needed for catalytic activity, as in the core enzyme RNA polymerase.
An example of a core enzyme is a RNA polymerase enzyme without the sigma factor (σ). This enzyme consists of only two alpha (2α), one beta (β) and one beta prime (β’).

30
Q

Promoter

A

a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are located near the genes they transcribe. Represented by a 90degree corner arrow

31
Q

Consensus Sequence

A

Promoter is two consensus sequences separated by 15-17 base pairs

32
Q

-10/-35 sites

A

On each end of the promoter one end is -10 and ther other is -35. Each gene has its own number

33
Q

Gene

A

Throughout DNA on either strand, beginning as a special DNA sequence is called a promoter. The are recognized by different sigma factors. Genes are very big

34
Q

Template Strand/ Nontemplate Strand

A

Template Stand is the original DNA that is being copied and the nontemplate strand is the part of the DNA strand no being copied.

35
Q

Hairpin Loop Terminator

A

It is the place where DNA stops replicating. It is a loop of nucleotide base pairs that bubble up causing the replication to stop