Lecture 1: Course Intro, Functional Anatomy and Resp. Mechanics Flashcards
What 4 structures are apart of the upper airway
- Nose
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Larynx
What 3 structures are apart of the lower airway?
- Trachea
- Bronchial tree
- Lungs
Why do alveolar ducts and sacs have a bumpy surface
To increase surface area to aid in gas exchange
How many lobes does the right lobe have anteriorly and laterally?
3
How many lobes does the right lobe have posteriorly?
How many lobes does the left lobe have anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly?
2
How many segments does the right lobe have?
10
How many segments does the left lobe have?
8
Name the 10 right lobe segments on the picture
Label the 8 left lobe segments on the picture
Label the heart
What is the respiratory system made of (2)?
- Pump
- Lungs
What is the cardiovascular system made of (2)?
- Heart
- Peripheral vasculature
How does the cardiovascular and respiratory system work together?
The work together to provide the pathway for O2 and CO2 transport
O2 atmosphere -> tissue
CO2 tissues -> atmosphere
What is respiration?
Process that contributes to gas exchange by uptaking atmospheric O2 into the organism and eliminating CO2 from the organism to the environment
External respiration occurs where and what does it involve?
Occurs in the lungs and it involves the transfer between blood and the atmosphere
Internal respiration occurs where and what does it involve?
Occurs in systemic circulation and it involves the transfer between blood and tissues
Describe external respiration components at the lungs
Describe internal respiration components at the tissues
What are the 2 mechanical components of breathing and how are they coupled together?
- Pump (respiratory muscles & chest wall)
- Lung (gas exchange organ)
Coupled together by the pleural sac
C
Describe what each part of this symbol stands for
P (primary symbol)
Pressure or partial pressure
V (primary symbol)
Volume of gas (ml or L)
Q (primary symbol)
Volume of blood (ml or L)
C (primary symbol)
Content or concentration of gas in blood
F (primary symbol)
Fractional concentration of gas in a dry gas mixture (air)
S (primary symbol)
Saturation (of hemoglobin with oxygen)
A primary symbol with a dot in it indicates what?
A time derivative
A (secondary symbol)
alveolar gas
I (secondary symbol)
Inspired gas
E (secondary symbol)
Expired gas
T (secondary symbol)
Tidal gas
D (secondary symbol)
Dead space
a (secondary symbol)
Arterial blood
v (secondary symbol)
Venous blood
c (secondary symbol)
Pulmonary capillary
-in secondary symbol indicates
A mean or mixed value
’ indicates
Measurement taken at the end of location
O2 (tertiary symbol)
Oxygen (supports metabolism)
CO2 (tertiary symbol)
Carbon dioxide (metabolic waste byproduct)
N2 (tertiary symbol)
Nitrogen (keeps lungs inflated)
CO (tertiary symbol)
Carbon Monoxide (displaces O2 from hemoglobin)
What does PaCO2 mean?
CO2 pressure in arterioles
What does PaO2 mean?
O2 pressure in arterioles
What does PAO2 mean?
O2 pressure found in alveolar
What does FIO2 or FiO2 mean?
Fractional concentration of O2 in inspired gas
What does SaO2 mean?
Saturation of O2 in arterioles
What does SpO2 mean?
Saturation of O2 in periphery (pulse oximeter)
What are the 3 types of pressure measurements
- Intra-compartmental
- Transmural
- Driving
Intra-compartmental pressure measurment
Pressure within a space
Transmural pressure measurement
Pressure difference acting across a wall or membrane
Driving pressure measurement
Difference in pressure between two end of an open system responsible for flow
What are the 7 different respiratory pressures?
What is transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi)
Pressure generated across the diaphragm during inspiration
What are the 4 principles of the kinetic molecular theory
- Particles are in constant motion (collisions exert pressure)
- No attraction or repulsions
- More space than particles
- Particles move faster with increased temperatures
Describe Boyle’s Law
Pressure and volume have an inverse relationship
Inspiration is [active/passive] and why?
Active because muscle contraction displaces respiratory system to change the volume in the lungs by creating a driving pressure for air to move into the lungs
Expiration is [active/passive] and why?
Passive (quiet breathing) because the system relaxes causing lung volume to decrease creating a driving pressure for air to move out of the lungs
A
What is negative pressure breathing
When expanding rib cage and contracting diaphragm during inspiration it pulls lung opens drawing air in because pressure in lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure. When contracting the chest and relaxing the diaphragm during expiration it decreases lung size releasing air because the pressure in the lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure.
Describe inspiration (quiet breathing)
Describe expiration (quiet breathing)
Describe at rest (quiet breathing)
What are the 4 fundamental properties of quiet breathing at respiratory position?
- Lungs recoil inwards (always want to collapse)
- Chest recoils outwards (always wants to recoil out)
- Normally equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
- Creates a vacuum in the pleural space
How many dimensions does the thoracic cavity expand
3-D
How do the upper ribs 1-4 move
Pump handle movement (anteroposterior expansion)
How do lower ribs 7-10 move
Bucket handle movement (lateral expansion)
How do ribs 5 and 6 move?
Combination of bucket hand and pump handle movement
How do the lungs increase vertically during expansion
By the diaphragm contracting and pushing down on the abdominal organs
What are 5 characteristics of ribs 7-10 movement during breathing
What are 5 characteristics of ribs 1-4 movement during breathing
