Clinical Evaluation of Lung Function Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of Pulmonary Functional Tests

A

To distinguish between obstructive and restrictive respiratory disorders

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2
Q

Obstructive Respiratory Disorder

A
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3
Q

Restrictive Respiratory Disorders

A
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4
Q

The smaller the diameter of the airway the…

A

Greater the resistance

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5
Q

Air trapping

A

Cant get air out

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6
Q

Airway obstructive disorders cause

A

Difficulty getting air out (expiration)

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7
Q

What are 4 types of airway obstructive disorders

A
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8
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

Smooth muscle contracts narrowing the airway therefore decreasing the diameter

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9
Q

When does hyperinflation of the lungs occur?

A

in obstructive disorders which has a greater affect on expiration -> greater limit on expiration than inspiration because the airway gets narrower on expiration vs broader on inspiration

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10
Q

What happens when we have a deep breath in vs breathing out

A

rib cage expands which is attached to pleura and lungs, pulling lungs open causing airways to be bigger on inspiration; during expiration chest wall is falling and elastic contracts = smaller airways = most resistance

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11
Q

COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema all result in

A

Air not getting out but cannot get in = hyperinflation

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12
Q

Why is emphysema an obstructive disorder

A

because it occurs in the conducting zone event though there is a loss of elasticity in the parenchyma

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13
Q

What happens if there is an obstruction in the airway and give examples

A

It limits airflow (eg. mucous, infection, swelling, bronchospasm)

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14
Q

What does hyperinflation do to the lungs

A

causes pouches that burst out as shown in broken elastics

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15
Q

What happens in restrictive disorders

A

Expansion of the lungs is restricted (inspiratory dysfunction) so there is a decreased volume of air inspired since decreased expansion of the lungs

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16
Q

What are 2 methods of restrictive disorders

17
Q

In restrictive disorders is the conducting zone preserved?

18
Q

What are 2 ways to categorize the clinical evaluation of lung function

19
Q

What is the gold standard test of lung function

A

Spirometry

20
Q

What are 2 devices that can be used to measure lung function

21
Q

Describe this image

A

Normal tidal breathing (regular breathing) = 500mL of breathing
Tidal Volume: regular breathing
Inspiratory Reserve Volume: how much more air they can take in to reach capacity
Expiratory Reserve Volume: Can only exhale to end of expiratory reserve volume and beginning of RESIDUAL VOLUME (will always have some air left in the lungs )
Residual Volume: As much air as you can get out of your lungs
Vital Capacity: Volume from most you can inhale to residual volume
Inspiratory capacity: How much air you can take in from lowest tidal volume
Functional Residual Capacity: From lowest tidal volume to residual volume (only get that if you get winded)
Total Lung Capacity: Max lung capacity for both inhalation and exhalation

**Note on graph = never hit residual volume unless winded
**Volumes of graph are normative values for each stage

22
Q

What is the flow volume loop and how is it administered

A

Administered: Take breath in and out normally, then take large breath in and out which is what makes the flow volume loop

23
Q

Describe the flow volume loop and its purpose

A

Purpose: Measures speed with which lung volumes may be changed

Forced inspiratory flow (FIF) = how fast is inspiration
Forced expiratory flow (FEF) = how fast is expiration
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) = total amount of air that can be exhaled out of from total lung capcity
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1): How much air came out at one second(usually up to bottom of residual volume)

24
Q

What is dynamic airway compression

A

The limitation against forced expiration (expiration part of dynamic lung volumes)

25
Solve this graph and what it means
26
Describe this image
As you blow air out, pressure in airway drops so the pressure inside becomes the same as the pressure outside Dynamic Airway Compression: Greater pressure outside favours lung compression and collapse (Second image is just another version of the same things)
27
Name 3 parameters that affect normal predicted lung function values
28
Describe the difference between normal, restrictive and obstructive dysfunction in terms of lung volumes
Normal = normal Restrictive: Lungs cant expand so have lower lung volumes because cant get as much air in Obstructive: Increased residual volume due to air trapping (hyperinflation) and their expiratory reserve volume is less
29
Describe this image
30
Describe this image
Restrictive on right = lower lung volumes Obstructive on left = hyperinflated = higher lung volumes
31
Describe this image
Also the same for the forced expiratory flow rate over middle half by volume of forced vital capcacity (FVC) -> FEF (25-75%)