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Biology > Lecture 1- Biological Molcules > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Biological Molcules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monomer

A

Basic units of polymers
Combine other monomers to form a repeating chain of molecule (‘polymer)

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2
Q

Examples of monomers

A

Amino acid
Nucleotides
Monosaccharides

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3
Q

What is a polymer

A

Long molecule of smaller and identical monomers

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4
Q

Condensation reaction

A

2 monomers combine with a chemical bond between them using a water molecule

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5
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Breakdown of polymers into monomers using water molecule

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6
Q

4 important biological carbohydrate nutrients

A

Starch - starch and sugar needed for energy
Proteins - amino acid \ catalysing reactions
Lipids - needed for energy
Nucleic acid - used to store genetic information - dna

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7
Q

Everything about carbohydrate

A

C,h,o
Monomers which carbohydrates are formed -
monosaccharides, (‘glucose ,fructose, galactose )
Disaccharides (‘maltose , sucrose , lactose )
A condensation reaction is (‘glycosidic bond )
Polysaccharide (‘glycogen , starch , cellulose)

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8
Q

What is a condensation reaction

A

Releases a molecule of water when its links molecules together
A chemical bond is formed

Maltose - glucose and glucose
Sucrose - glucose and fructose
Lactose - glucose and galatose

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9
Q

Testing for sugar

A

When testing for sugar
Reducing sugar - green , yellow ,orange , brick red precipitate
Non reducing - stays blue

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10
Q

If it’s with dilute hydrochloric acid the neutralise sample by adding sodium hydrogen carbonate

A

Reducing - blue
Non reducing - green ,yellow, orange ,brick red

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11
Q

Name the process in which monosaccharides join together

A

Condensation reaction

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12
Q

Describe the formation of disaccharide maltose

A

2 glucose molecules are joined together together
In a condensation reaction - releasing a water molecule
A glycosidic bond is formed

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13
Q

What is not an example of monosaccharides

A

Glycogen

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14
Q

Everything about carbohydrate - starch

A

Polysaccharide
Condensation reaction to form glycosidic bond
Storage in plants - iodine test
Insoluble
Two types - amylose and amylopectin

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15
Q

Structure of Carbohydrate - cellulose

A

Polysaccharide
Condensation of beta - glucose molecules
Straight cellulose chains linked with hydrogen bonds - form strong fibrils called micro fibrils -cell walls
Insoluble

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16
Q

Structure of Carbohydrate - glycogen

A

Polysaccharide
Excess stored in animals
Condensation reaction to form glycosidic bonds
Alpha glucose
Compact - good for storage
Side branches - quick release

17
Q

Type of Proteins

A

Monomers - one amino acid
Dipeptide- two amino acids
Polypeptide - more then two

18
Q

Amino acid structure

A

Top is the r groups- variable group
Side is the carboxyl group - cooh
Bottom is h
Left side is the amino group - H2N

19
Q

Structure of dipeptide

A

Condensation
Two amino acids
Peptide bond

20
Q

Structure of polypeptide

A

Condensation
Two or more amino acids
Peptide bond

21
Q

Test for protein
Sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate solution

A

Negative - stays blue
Positive - purple

22
Q

Structure of lipids

A

Not polymer
All contain hydrocarbons
Triglycerides and phospholipids
Ester bonds between the glycerol and fatty acid

23
Q

Structure of triglycerides

A

Tails -hydrophobic
Insoluble in water

24
Q

Structure of fatty acids

A

C in the middle
Two links for O - carbon atoms links fatty acids to glycerol
HO
R on the right - variable r group

25
Q

2 types of fatty acids

A

Saturated - single bonds
Unsaturated - double bonds

26
Q

Structure of glycerol

A

3 carbon molecule with OH group bonded to each of the three carbons
Form ester bonds

27
Q

Structure of phospholipids

A

Two fatty acids and phosphate group
Cell membrane
Phosphate group (‘head)- hydrophilic - polar
Fatty acids (‘tails)- hydrophobic - non polar

28
Q

Test for lipids

A

Test substance
Shake
Add water
Milky colour is lipids

29
Q

Describe the difference between the structure of triglycerides molecule and structure of a phospholipid moulcule

A

Phospholipid - one fatty acid replaced by phosphate

30
Q

Example of polymers

A

Carbohydrates

Biology (11 decks)

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