Lecture 1- Biological Molcules Flashcards
What is a monomer
Basic units of polymers
Combine other monomers to form a repeating chain of molecule (‘polymer)
Examples of monomers
Amino acid
Nucleotides
Monosaccharides
What is a polymer
Long molecule of smaller and identical monomers
Condensation reaction
2 monomers combine with a chemical bond between them using a water molecule
What is hydrolysis
Breakdown of polymers into monomers using water molecule
4 important biological carbohydrate nutrients
Starch - starch and sugar needed for energy
Proteins - amino acid \ catalysing reactions
Lipids - needed for energy
Nucleic acid - used to store genetic information - dna
Everything about carbohydrate
C,h,o
Monomers which carbohydrates are formed -
monosaccharides, (‘glucose ,fructose, galactose )
Disaccharides (‘maltose , sucrose , lactose )
A condensation reaction is (‘glycosidic bond )
Polysaccharide (‘glycogen , starch , cellulose)
What is a condensation reaction
Releases a molecule of water when its links molecules together
A chemical bond is formed
Maltose - glucose and glucose
Sucrose - glucose and fructose
Lactose - glucose and galatose
Testing for sugar
When testing for sugar
Reducing sugar - green , yellow ,orange , brick red precipitate
Non reducing - stays blue
If it’s with dilute hydrochloric acid the neutralise sample by adding sodium hydrogen carbonate
Reducing - blue
Non reducing - green ,yellow, orange ,brick red
Name the process in which monosaccharides join together
Condensation reaction
Describe the formation of disaccharide maltose
2 glucose molecules are joined together together
In a condensation reaction - releasing a water molecule
A glycosidic bond is formed
What is not an example of monosaccharides
Glycogen
Everything about carbohydrate - starch
Polysaccharide
Condensation reaction to form glycosidic bond
Storage in plants - iodine test
Insoluble
Two types - amylose and amylopectin
Structure of Carbohydrate - cellulose
Polysaccharide
Condensation of beta - glucose molecules
Straight cellulose chains linked with hydrogen bonds - form strong fibrils called micro fibrils -cell walls
Insoluble
Structure of Carbohydrate - glycogen
Polysaccharide
Excess stored in animals
Condensation reaction to form glycosidic bonds
Alpha glucose
Compact - good for storage
Side branches - quick release
Type of Proteins
Monomers - one amino acid
Dipeptide- two amino acids
Polypeptide - more then two
Amino acid structure
Top is the r groups- variable group
Side is the carboxyl group - cooh
Bottom is h
Left side is the amino group - H2N
Structure of dipeptide
Condensation
Two amino acids
Peptide bond
Structure of polypeptide
Condensation
Two or more amino acids
Peptide bond
Test for protein
Sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate solution
Negative - stays blue
Positive - purple
Structure of lipids
Not polymer
All contain hydrocarbons
Triglycerides and phospholipids
Ester bonds between the glycerol and fatty acid
Structure of triglycerides
Tails -hydrophobic
Insoluble in water
Structure of fatty acids
C in the middle
Two links for O - carbon atoms links fatty acids to glycerol
HO
R on the right - variable r group
2 types of fatty acids
Saturated - single bonds
Unsaturated - double bonds
Structure of glycerol
3 carbon molecule with OH group bonded to each of the three carbons
Form ester bonds
Structure of phospholipids
Two fatty acids and phosphate group
Cell membrane
Phosphate group (‘head)- hydrophilic - polar
Fatty acids (‘tails)- hydrophobic - non polar
Test for lipids
Test substance
Shake
Add water
Milky colour is lipids
Describe the difference between the structure of triglycerides molecule and structure of a phospholipid moulcule
Phospholipid - one fatty acid replaced by phosphate
Example of polymers
Carbohydrates
