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Biology > Cell Cycle- Lecture 5/6 > Flashcards

Cell Cycle- Lecture 5/6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main phase of cell cycle

A

Interphase

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2
Q

What happens when the chromosome duplicate

A

The centromere and sister chromatids join together

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3
Q

How long is cell cycle

A

Less then 24 hours

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4
Q

After zygote divided what happens

A

Forms embryo

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5
Q

Cell division in Eukaryotic cells

A

Goes through the cells cycle

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6
Q

Cell division in prokaryotic cells

A

Binary fission

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7
Q

Explain stem cells

A

It is unspecialised
Have ability to differentiate into any type of cell
Found in bone marrow ,
Umbilical cord blood ,
Embryos

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8
Q

What happens in interphase

A

Cells grows
Chromosomes are duplicated with genetic material

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9
Q

What happens in mitosis

A

Chromosomes copies are separated from each other and moved to end of cell

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10
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

Cell divides into two daughter cells
Genetically identical to each other and parent cell

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11
Q

Why is mitosis important

A

Growth
Repair
Asexual reproduction

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12
Q

How many phases in interphase

A

3 - g1, s ,g2

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13
Q

What happens in g1

A

Organelles copied and cells grow

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14
Q

Whathappens in s

A

Semi -conservative
Synthesis of DNA

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15
Q

What happens in g2

A

Replicated DNA
Divison of cytoplasm
Mitosis

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16
Q

How to remember mitosis

A

P -prophase
M-metaphase
A-anaphase
T -telophase
PMAT- I prefer milk and tea

17
Q

What are the check points for

A

To make sure the process is ok to continue
If it is not ok then will exit cell cycle
Enter G0 phase

18
Q

How many chromosomes do people have

A

46

19
Q

What happens in prophase

A

Chromosomes condense - shorter and fatter
Nuclear envelope breaks down

20
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

Chromosomes each with 2 chromatides and lin in middlem
Check point checks chromosomes are attracted to spindle

21
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

Centromeres divide which separates the 2 chromatids
Spindle contracts pulling chromatids to opposite ends

22
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Nuclear envelope forms round the set of chromosomes

23
Q

Length of time in phase formula

A

Observed number of cells at that stage / total number of cell observed x total length of time of cell cycle

Turn into minutes = ans x 60

24
Q

Mitosis in plant cells

A

Use meristems - found right on tip of root

25
Q

Mitotic index formula

A

Number of cells in the field of view undergoing cell division / total number of cells in field of view

Count it if u see the nucleus

26
Q

What is cancer

A

Mitosis is controlled process
Mutations
Uncontrolled cell division = can lead to tumours and cancers

27
Q

What is Primary and secondary cancer

A

Primary = cancer begins
Secondary = where cancer spreads and grows
Named after where they begin

28
Q

How many tumours are there

A

2

29
Q

Wha are the two types of tumour

A

1.Benign = grows slowly ,usually in membrane
Can be removed doesn’t invade other parts of body
Can be removed easily

2.Malignant= transfers from one tissue to another in the bloodstream
Tumour grows
Cancer cells detach and form secondary tumours in other parts of bodY

30
Q

What genes are responsible for cell cycle

A

Proto - oncogene - stimulate cell division By producing proteins
Mutation occurs = gene become overactive - leads to tumour
Mutated proto-oncogenes called oncogenes

Tumour -suppressor gene - responsible for making proteins involved in slowing cell division - causes them to self destruct
Mutation occurs =Gene will inactivate
No protein is produced
Cells divide uncontrollably

31
Q

What is methylation

A

Adding methyl
Control whether or not gene is transcribed or not- which part of dna is turned into protein and what are made
The growth of tumours can be caused by abnormal methylation

32
Q

What is hyper methylation

A

To much methyl
Cause for proteins to be coded
Can lead to uncontrollable growth

Biology (7 decks)

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