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BIOL 261 > LEC EXAM #3 CHP 9 > Flashcards

LEC EXAM #3 CHP 9 Flashcards

1
Q

6 functions of skeletal muscle:

A
  1. skeletal movement
  2. store nutrient reserves
  3. support soft tissues
  4. guard openings
  5. body temperature
  6. body position
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2
Q

Myoglobin is specific to:

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues

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3
Q

Myoglobin binds:

A

Oxygen

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4
Q

What is a power stroke?

A

Movement of myosin cross bridges pushes actin towards center of sarcomere

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5
Q

What does the end of a power stroke consist of?

A

Myosin releases bound actin and grabs another actin molecule

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle stores:

A

Glycogen

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7
Q

Striations have:

A

Contractile fibers

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8
Q

When muscle tissues are damaged they release:

A

Myoglobin into blood and lactate dehydrogenase

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9
Q

Dark line:

Light line:

A

Myosin

Actin

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10
Q

Myoglobin has a higher affinity for:

A

O2

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11
Q

Skeletal muscle structure:

A

Repeating circular bundles

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12
Q

What is tennis elbow?

A

Makes sheaths flat instead of round

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13
Q

What is stored at the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Calcium

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14
Q

Z line connects/anchors:

A

Actin (always thin)

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15
Q

Space where there is ONLY actin:

A

I band

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16
Q

Space where actin and myosin overlap:

A

A band

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17
Q

M line anchors:

A

Myosin (always thick)

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18
Q

Space where there is ONLY myosin:

A

H band

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19
Q

Sheath like protein that covers binding site:

A

Tropomyosin

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20
Q

Beaded complex where calcium binds:

A

Troponin

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21
Q

ATPase is where:

A

ATP binds to get myosin head activated

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22
Q

What are the steps of contraction?

A
  1. AP in t-tubule alters DHP receptor
  2. DHP receptor causes calcium to bind to troponin
  3. Moves tropomyosin out of the way for myosin to bind to actin
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23
Q

Why do we need calcium?

A

To move tropomyosin

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24
Q

Neuromuscular junction:

A

Regulates force

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25
Q

Axon contains:

A

Na V.G.C.

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26
Q

The nerve synapses with the skeletal muscle at the:

A

Motor end plate

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27
Q

Acetylcholesterase:

A

An enzyme that breaks down acetyl–coa

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28
Q

The holes of the t-tubule take it deep into the:

A

Skeletal muscle

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29
Q

Relaxation steps:

A

ATP pulls apart actin and myosin cross bridge
ATP splits into ADP and phosphate
Activates head for power stroke
ADP and phosphate leave

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30
Q

What stops skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Nerve by nerve impulse shutting off -> no more acetyl-coa

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31
Q

What regulates skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic nervous system

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32
Q

Relaxation begins in the:

A

Brain

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33
Q

Relaxation requires:

Contraction requires:

A

ATP

Calcium and ATP

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34
Q

Rigor mortis:

A

Stiffness of muscles after death for 72 hours, caused by lack of ATP

35
Q

TEA:

A
  • Blocks potassium voltage gated channels
  • K+ cannot repolarize via K+ v.g.c.
  • long drawn out repolarzation-> hyper-excitable (above 55)
36
Q

Curare:

A
  • Blocks nicotinic cholinergic receptors
  • no nerve->nerve conduction
  • no nerve-> skeletal muscle conduction
37
Q

Esterine/physostigmine:

A
  • blocks Acetylcholesterase (AchE)
  • Ach stays in synapse
  • continued contraction
38
Q

Organophosphates (never toxins):

A
  • blocks AchE

- causes continuous contraction

39
Q

Myasthenia gravis:

A
  • autoimmune disease
  • antibodies attack nicotinic cholinergic receptors
  • no AP/ no skeletal muscle contraction
  • use eserine to increase Ach in the synapse
40
Q

What allows action potentials to go deep into where contractile fibers are? (nerve-> skeletal muscle)

A

T-tubules

41
Q

What floods into the area where the contractile fibers are, causing excitement of skeletal muscle?

A

Calcium

42
Q

Once calcium floods the area where the contractile fibers are, where the actin and myosin are, what does calcium bind to?

A

Troponin

43
Q

Calcium then moves:

A

Tropomyosin away from the actin

44
Q

What ion or molecule do we have to have to move tropomyosin?

A

Calcium

45
Q

Myosin is now bound to actin, what causes the power stroke/contraction?

A
  • Phosphate leaves
  • get power stroke
  • then ADP leaves
  • stuck here until ATP binds
46
Q

ATP releases:

A

crossbridge

47
Q

ATP will bind if:

A

Calcium is present

48
Q

REQUIRED for contraction/power stroke:

A

ATP and calcium

49
Q

What ion causes the vesicle to dump into the synapse?

A

Calcium

50
Q

Curare does not effect:

A

nerve -> heart

nerve -> digestive tract

51
Q

If curare is stuck here, what cannot bind?

A

Ach

52
Q

Threshold stimulus:

A

Strength of stimulus required to cause a twitch

53
Q

Latent period:

A

Delay between stimulus and contraction

54
Q

Twitch:

A

Single, brief contraction of a muscle fiber after a single threshold stimulus

55
Q

Relaxation is caused by:

A

Transport of calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

56
Q

What is the “all or none” principle?

A

At threshold, a fiber will contract its maximum extent

57
Q

Tension of a single muscle fiber depends on:

A
  • fiber’s resting length at time of stimulation
  • frequency of stimulation
  • number of pivoting cross bridges
58
Q

Skeletal muscles are capable of:

A

graded responses

59
Q

The force of muscle contraction can increase by:

A

Summation or recruitment

60
Q

Refractory period:

A

time between initial and subsequent stimuli that is required for sarcolemma to repolarize

61
Q

Summation:

A

Greater force generated from more frequent stimuli

62
Q

Tetanic contraction:

A
  • Continuous contraction without relaxation between stimuli

- all motor units of muscle are activated

63
Q

Fatigue:

A

Loss of response due to lack of ATP

64
Q

Motor unit:

A

Motor neuron + all the fibers it controls

65
Q

Motor unit rule:

A

All muscle cells in a motor unit respond maximally, or they don’t respond at all

66
Q

Each motor neuron on average controls:

A

150 fibers

67
Q

Recruitment:

A

increasing the number of motor units activated/responding

68
Q

Strength increases as…

A

the number of motor units increases

69
Q

2 types of tension production:

A
  • sustained tension

- muscle tone

70
Q

Sustained tension:

A
  • less than maximum tension
  • allows motor units to rest in rotation
  • uses a lot of ATP
71
Q

Muscle tone:

A

-the normal tension and firmness of a muscle at rest

72
Q

Increasing muscle tone increases:

A

metabolic energy used even at rest

73
Q

We use sustained tension to:

A

Actively maintain body position without motion (isometric contraction)

74
Q

CrP (creatine phosphate):

A

stored in skeletal muscle and used to make ATP for skeletal muscle contraction

75
Q

When muscle can no longer perform a required activity, they are:

A

Fatigued

76
Q

4 results of muscle fatigue:

A
  • depletion of ATP
  • damage to sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • low pH
  • muscle exhaustion and pain
77
Q

The time required after exertion for muscles to return to pre-exercise condition:

A

Recovery period

78
Q

In recovery period, you have to deal with: (3)

A
  • depletion of metabolic reserves by making more glycogen and ATP via aerobic metabolism-> breath heavy
  • repair sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • recover from low pH by processing lactic acid via cori cycle
79
Q

How does the cori cycle play a role in recovery period? (3)

A
  • removal and recycling of lactic acid by the liver
  • liver converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid
  • glucose is released to recharge muscle glycogen reserves
80
Q

Muscle hypertrophy:

A

muscle growth from heavy training

81
Q

Muscle atrophy:

effects:

A

lack of muscle activity

-reduces muscle size, tone, and power

82
Q

3 effects of muscle hypertrophy:

A
  • increases diameter of muscle fibers
  • increases number of myofibrils
  • increases mitochondria, glycogen reserves
83
Q

Muscle fibers break down into:

A

Proteins

BIOL 261 (21 decks)

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