Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 261 > LAB FINAL > Flashcards

LAB FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is a urinometer?

A

Urine test tube that floats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a chemstix?

A

Urine test strip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 instruments used for sensory tests?

A

Mallet and tuning fork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Negative feedback loop for ppCO2?

A

Stimulus: Increase in ppCO2
Sensor: Chemoreceptors in aortic arch/carotid sinus
Integrator: Medulla Oblongata
Effector: Diaphragm + external intercostal muscles
Response: Increase breathing rate and depth
Result: decrease ppCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Obstructive pulmonary disease:

A

If %FEV1 < 80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Restrictive pulmonary disease:

A

When actual FVC < predicted FVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the electrical pathway through the heart:

A 
SA node
AV node
Bundle of HIS
Rt bundle branch
Lt bundle branch 
Rt purkinjee fiber
Lt purkinjee fiber
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

P wave represents:

A

Atrial depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

QRS interval:

A

Ventricle depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T wave:

A

Ventricle repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does atrial repolarization occur?

A

During QRS but you cannot see it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

P wave ratio and normal amount:

A

1:1

normal= 0.11 sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

P-R interval normal amount:

A

0.12-0.20 sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

QRS interval normal amount:

A

0.04-0.1 sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T wave normal amount:

A

0.04-0.08 sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Smaller lumen:

A

Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Larger lumen:

A

Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tunica Interna:

A
  • innermost
  • in direct contact with blood flow
  • one layer of endothelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tunica Media:

A
  • middle
  • largely SMOOTH muscle
  • allows constriction/dilation
  • key regulator for blood flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tunica Adventitia/externa:

A
  • outermost
  • largely CONNECTIVE tissue
  • acts as anchor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anterior pituitary releases:

A 
–Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
–Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
–Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
–Luteinizing hormone (LH)
–Prolactin (PRL)
–Growth hormone (GH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Posterior pituitary releases:

A

–Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

–Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function of sarcomere:

A

Contains contractile proteins (actin and myosin) that causes muscle to shorten when they interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of intercalated discs:

A
  • Specific to cardiac

- Holds cells together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Function of nucleus:

A

Contains DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Function of Islet of Langerhans:

A

Secretes alpha and beta cells into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Calcitonin when high blood Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do thyroid follicular cells secrete?

A

Thyroid hormone T3 & T4 to regulate metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is colloid:

A

Fluid within the thyroid follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Aldosterone when blood volume is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Cortisol when under stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

Sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Zones of adrenal gland from innermost to outermost?

A

Zona Reticularis
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Glomerulosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When the posterior pituitary releases ADH, is this when you are hydrated or dehydrated?

A

blood osmolarity high= dehydrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When the posterior pituitary releases ADH, what is the target?

A

Kidney- to reabsorb H20 back into blood to decrease blood osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Adrenal medulla releases;

A

Epi and nor epi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the ovary secrete?

A

Progesterone and estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the seminiferous tubule of testis secrete?

A

Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How do you read a urine/chemstix dipstick?

A
  • Dip stick into urine sample
  • Wait 30 seconds
  • Look for color change and compare to chart
40
Q

How to figure out urine specific gravity?

A

Water is pure at 1.000, so the more particles= less water and higher particle concentration-> darker urine

41
Q

What is normal urine pH?

A

6.0-6.5

42
Q

3 second method to calculate HR?

A

R waves x 20

43
Q

6 second method to calculate HR?

A

R waves x 10

44
Q

R-R second method to calculate HR?

A

1 beat/secs= x beats/60 sec

45
Q

5 cardinal rules for interpreting dysrhythms:

A
  1. Rhythm should be regular
  2. HR should be 60-100 BPM
  3. P-to-QRS ratio should be 1:1
  4. P-R interval= 0.12-0.20 seconds
  5. QRS= 0.04-0.10
46
Q

Procedure for measuring blood pressure is called:

A

Auscultatory method

47
Q

What instrument do we use to measure blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

48
Q

How do we use a sphygmomanometer?

A

Cuff wraps around upper arm and blood pressure is detected by sound using a stethoscope placed over the artery below cuff

49
Q

What are Krotkoff sounds?

A

Soft tapping that is detected with the stethoscope when the pressure in cuff is released slowly-> systolic pressure

50
Q

Diastolic pressure can be detected using a sphygmomanometer when:

A

Cuff at highest pressure at which Krotkoff sounds can no longer be detected

51
Q

Blood glucose positive homeostatic feedback loop:

A

Stimulus: Decrease in glucose
Sensor/integrator: Alpha cells in Islets of Langerhans
-releases glucagon-
Effector: Liver converts glucagon->glycogen->glucose for body cells to use and skeletal muscles to store glucagon
Response: Liver converts glucagon->glycogen->glucose and stores excess glycogen. Body cells use glucose and skeletal muscles to store glycogen.
Result: Increase in glucose

52
Q

What cells are found in the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Alpha and beta cells

53
Q

Function of alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans:

A

Release glucagon to liver to turn into glycogen and glucose

54
Q

Function of beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans:

A

Release insulin to reduce blood glucose

55
Q

Adrenal cortex contains:

A
  • cortisol
  • aldosterone
  • androgens (sex hormones)
56
Q

Blood calcium negative feedback loop:

A 
Stimulus: increase in blood Ca
Sensor/Integrator: Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland-> releases calcitonin.
Effector: Osteoblasts in bone
Response: store Ca in bone.
Result: decrease in blood Ca
57
Q

Blood calcium positive feedback loop:

A

Stimulus: decrease in blood Ca
Senson/Integrator: Parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Effector: Osteoclasts in bone, kidney, and small intestine
Response: break down bone, releasing Ca.
Increase absorption of vitamin D
Result: increase blood Ca

58
Q

Positive homeostatic feedback loop for blood osmolarity:

A

Stimulus: Decrease in Blood Osmolarity (overly hydrated)
Sensor: Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Integrator: Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary gland
-Inhibits Antidiuretic Hormone-
Effector: Collecting ducts of nephron
Response: Decrease in aquaporin, decrease in H2O reabsorption, increase in urine output.
Result: Increase in blood osmolality

59
Q

Negative homeostatic feedback loop for blood osmolarity:

A

Stimulus: Increase in Blood Osmolarity (dehydrated)
Sensor: Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Integrator: Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary gland
-Releases Antidiuretic Hormone-
Effector: Collecting ducts in nephron
Response: Increase in aquaporin, increase in H2O reabsorption, decrease in urine output.
Result: Decrease in blood osmolality

60
Q

Blood glucose negative homeostatic feedback loop:

A

Stimulus: Increase in glucose
Sensor/integrator: Beta Cells in Islets of Langerhans
-Releases insulin-
Effector: Body cells, liver, adipocytes
Response: Liver stores glucose as glycogen. Adipocytes store glucose as fat.
Result: Decrease in glucose.

61
Q

Sertoli cells:

A

Aid in developing sperm cells; bind FSH

62
Q

Leydig cells:

A

Secrete androgens; bind LH

63
Q

What gets filtered out of the glomerulus?

A
  • water
  • glucose
  • ions
  • amino acids
  • O2
  • Co2
  • bicarbonate
  • protons
  • wastes (creatinine and urea)
64
Q

What gets reabsorbed back into the blood at the PCT?

A
  • water
  • glucose
  • bicarbonate
  • ions
65
Q

What stays in the glomerulus?

A

WBC
RBC
Albumins
Platelets

66
Q

What gets reabsorbed back into the limb at the ascending limb in the loop of henle?

A

Na

67
Q

The descending limb in the loop of henle only pulls in:

A

Water

68
Q

What gets reabsorbed back into the blood at the DCT?

A
  • Calcium under the parathyroid hormone

- Na and water under aldosterone

69
Q

Hormone that regulates the collecting duct:

A

ADH

70
Q

How does the kidney regulated body pH?

A

?

71
Q

Positive feedback loop for blood volume:

A 
Stimulus: Decrease in BV and BP
Sensor/integrator: juxtaglomerular cells of nephron-> renin->angiotensinogen->angiotensin 1->reacts with ACE to make angiotensin 2 causing vasoconstriction (increasing BV) + thirst 
Effector: DCT
Response: Reabsorption of Na/H20 follows
Result: Increase in BV and BP
72
Q

Normal range for urine glucose:

A

0-0.8 mmol/L

73
Q

Normal range for specific gravity?

A

1.002-1.030

74
Q

Normal range for urine protein:

A

0-20mg/dL

75
Q

Normal range for women urine blood:

A

0.7-1.3 mg/dL

76
Q

Excess water + bicarbonate effect on urine output?

A

Increased urine output

77
Q

Excess water + bicarbonate effect on pH?

A

pH increased-> more basic

78
Q

Normal range for men urine blood:

A

0.6-1.1 mg/dL

79
Q

Excess water + bicarbonate effect on SG?

A

Slightly increased

80
Q

What effect did drinking a glucose soln have on glucose levels in the urine?

A

Decreased SG, meaning your urine is too diluted

81
Q

What SG would you expect for a DM patient?

A

Low SG due to the decrease in ADH-> causing frequent urine output

82
Q

When is aldosterone is released from the adrenal gland?

A

When triggered by angiotensin II to reabsorb Na

83
Q

What effect would aldosterone release have on blood pressure and urine output?

A

Aldosterone increases Na and water-> increases BV-> increases BP
Decrease in urine output due to your body holding onto Na and where Na goes, water follows

84
Q

Hyperventilating causes you to:

A

Breath out more Co2-> able to hold breath for greater amount of time

85
Q

Holding your breath after breathing normally causes you to:

A

Shorter amount of time you are able to hold your breath due to build up of Co2

86
Q

Breathing into a plastic bag for 10 secs causes you to:

A

Shortest amount of time you are able to hold your breath due to breathing in the Co2 that was in the bag

87
Q

Age factors for RV:

A

For ages 16-34= 0.250
for ages 35-49= 0.305
for ages 50-69= -0.445

88
Q

How to calculate actual %:

A

Act. FVC x 100

89
Q

How to calculate SVC % deviation:

A

% deviation= [actual(pred)/pred] x 100

90
Q

Test used for hearing:

A

Weber test: top of head

Rinne test: on mastoid process of ear

91
Q

Test used for eyesight?

A

Pupillary light reflex

92
Q

Test used to test spinal cord injury:

A

Patellar
normal- kick upward
Abnormal-multiple repetitive motions

93
Q

Plantar/babinski test:

A

(+) babinski= normal in infants, but abnormal in adults
-big toe dorsiflexion->toes fan upwards
(-) babinski= normal in adults
-plantar flex-> toes down

94
Q

Negative feedback loop for blood pressure:

A

Stimulus: Increase in BP
Sensor: Baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus
Integrator: Medulla oblonga
Effector: Heart + arteries
Response: Decrease in cardiac output + vasodilate to decrease resistance
Result: Decrease in BP

95
Q

What is a disturbance for blood glucose homeostasis?

A

Diabetes mellitus

96
Q

How to test FEV1% deviation?

A

%deviation= [FEV1/FVC] x 100

BIOL 261 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions