LAB FINAL Flashcards
What is a urinometer?
Urine test tube that floats
What is a chemstix?
Urine test strip
2 instruments used for sensory tests?
Mallet and tuning fork
Negative feedback loop for ppCO2?
Stimulus: Increase in ppCO2
Sensor: Chemoreceptors in aortic arch/carotid sinus
Integrator: Medulla Oblongata
Effector: Diaphragm + external intercostal muscles
Response: Increase breathing rate and depth
Result: decrease ppCO2
Obstructive pulmonary disease:
If %FEV1 < 80%
Restrictive pulmonary disease:
When actual FVC < predicted FVC
What is the electrical pathway through the heart:
SA node AV node Bundle of HIS Rt bundle branch Lt bundle branch Rt purkinjee fiber Lt purkinjee fiber
P wave represents:
Atrial depolarization
QRS interval:
Ventricle depolarization
T wave:
Ventricle repolarization
When does atrial repolarization occur?
During QRS but you cannot see it
P wave ratio and normal amount:
1:1
normal= 0.11 sec
P-R interval normal amount:
0.12-0.20 sec
QRS interval normal amount:
0.04-0.1 sec
T wave normal amount:
0.04-0.08 sec
Smaller lumen:
Artery
Larger lumen:
Veins
Tunica Interna:
- innermost
- in direct contact with blood flow
- one layer of endothelial cells
Tunica Media:
- middle
- largely SMOOTH muscle
- allows constriction/dilation
- key regulator for blood flow
Tunica Adventitia/externa:
- outermost
- largely CONNECTIVE tissue
- acts as anchor
Anterior pituitary releases:
–Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) –Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) –Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) –Luteinizing hormone (LH) –Prolactin (PRL) –Growth hormone (GH)
Posterior pituitary releases:
–Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
–Oxytocin
Function of sarcomere:
Contains contractile proteins (actin and myosin) that causes muscle to shorten when they interact
Function of intercalated discs:
- Specific to cardiac
- Holds cells together
Function of nucleus:
Contains DNA
Function of Islet of Langerhans:
Secretes alpha and beta cells into blood
What does the thyroid gland secrete?
Calcitonin when high blood Ca
What do thyroid follicular cells secrete?
Thyroid hormone T3 & T4 to regulate metabolism
What is colloid:
Fluid within the thyroid follicle
What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?
Aldosterone when blood volume is low
What does the zona fasciculata secrete?
Cortisol when under stress
What does the zona reticularis secrete?
Sex hormones
Zones of adrenal gland from innermost to outermost?
Zona Reticularis
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Glomerulosa
When the posterior pituitary releases ADH, is this when you are hydrated or dehydrated?
blood osmolarity high= dehydrated
When the posterior pituitary releases ADH, what is the target?
Kidney- to reabsorb H20 back into blood to decrease blood osmolarity
Adrenal medulla releases;
Epi and nor epi
What does the ovary secrete?
Progesterone and estrogen
What does the seminiferous tubule of testis secrete?
Testosterone
How do you read a urine/chemstix dipstick?
- Dip stick into urine sample
- Wait 30 seconds
- Look for color change and compare to chart
How to figure out urine specific gravity?
Water is pure at 1.000, so the more particles= less water and higher particle concentration-> darker urine
What is normal urine pH?
6.0-6.5
3 second method to calculate HR?
R waves x 20
6 second method to calculate HR?
R waves x 10
R-R second method to calculate HR?
1 beat/secs= x beats/60 sec
5 cardinal rules for interpreting dysrhythms:
- Rhythm should be regular
- HR should be 60-100 BPM
- P-to-QRS ratio should be 1:1
- P-R interval= 0.12-0.20 seconds
- QRS= 0.04-0.10
Procedure for measuring blood pressure is called:
Auscultatory method
What instrument do we use to measure blood pressure?
Sphygmomanometer
How do we use a sphygmomanometer?
Cuff wraps around upper arm and blood pressure is detected by sound using a stethoscope placed over the artery below cuff
What are Krotkoff sounds?
Soft tapping that is detected with the stethoscope when the pressure in cuff is released slowly-> systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure can be detected using a sphygmomanometer when:
Cuff at highest pressure at which Krotkoff sounds can no longer be detected
Blood glucose positive homeostatic feedback loop:
Stimulus: Decrease in glucose
Sensor/integrator: Alpha cells in Islets of Langerhans
-releases glucagon-
Effector: Liver converts glucagon->glycogen->glucose for body cells to use and skeletal muscles to store glucagon
Response: Liver converts glucagon->glycogen->glucose and stores excess glycogen. Body cells use glucose and skeletal muscles to store glycogen.
Result: Increase in glucose
What cells are found in the Islets of Langerhans?
Alpha and beta cells
Function of alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans:
Release glucagon to liver to turn into glycogen and glucose
Function of beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans:
Release insulin to reduce blood glucose
Adrenal cortex contains:
- cortisol
- aldosterone
- androgens (sex hormones)
Blood calcium negative feedback loop:
Stimulus: increase in blood Ca Sensor/Integrator: Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland-> releases calcitonin. Effector: Osteoblasts in bone Response: store Ca in bone. Result: decrease in blood Ca
Blood calcium positive feedback loop:
Stimulus: decrease in blood Ca
Senson/Integrator: Parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Effector: Osteoclasts in bone, kidney, and small intestine
Response: break down bone, releasing Ca.
Increase absorption of vitamin D
Result: increase blood Ca
Positive homeostatic feedback loop for blood osmolarity:
Stimulus: Decrease in Blood Osmolarity (overly hydrated)
Sensor: Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Integrator: Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary gland
-Inhibits Antidiuretic Hormone-
Effector: Collecting ducts of nephron
Response: Decrease in aquaporin, decrease in H2O reabsorption, increase in urine output.
Result: Increase in blood osmolality
Negative homeostatic feedback loop for blood osmolarity:
Stimulus: Increase in Blood Osmolarity (dehydrated)
Sensor: Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Integrator: Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary gland
-Releases Antidiuretic Hormone-
Effector: Collecting ducts in nephron
Response: Increase in aquaporin, increase in H2O reabsorption, decrease in urine output.
Result: Decrease in blood osmolality
Blood glucose negative homeostatic feedback loop:
Stimulus: Increase in glucose
Sensor/integrator: Beta Cells in Islets of Langerhans
-Releases insulin-
Effector: Body cells, liver, adipocytes
Response: Liver stores glucose as glycogen. Adipocytes store glucose as fat.
Result: Decrease in glucose.
Sertoli cells:
Aid in developing sperm cells; bind FSH
Leydig cells:
Secrete androgens; bind LH
What gets filtered out of the glomerulus?
- water
- glucose
- ions
- amino acids
- O2
- Co2
- bicarbonate
- protons
- wastes (creatinine and urea)
What gets reabsorbed back into the blood at the PCT?
- water
- glucose
- bicarbonate
- ions
What stays in the glomerulus?
WBC
RBC
Albumins
Platelets
What gets reabsorbed back into the limb at the ascending limb in the loop of henle?
Na
The descending limb in the loop of henle only pulls in:
Water
What gets reabsorbed back into the blood at the DCT?
- Calcium under the parathyroid hormone
- Na and water under aldosterone
Hormone that regulates the collecting duct:
ADH
How does the kidney regulated body pH?
?
Positive feedback loop for blood volume:
Stimulus: Decrease in BV and BP Sensor/integrator: juxtaglomerular cells of nephron-> renin->angiotensinogen->angiotensin 1->reacts with ACE to make angiotensin 2 causing vasoconstriction (increasing BV) + thirst Effector: DCT Response: Reabsorption of Na/H20 follows Result: Increase in BV and BP
Normal range for urine glucose:
0-0.8 mmol/L
Normal range for specific gravity?
1.002-1.030
Normal range for urine protein:
0-20mg/dL
Normal range for women urine blood:
0.7-1.3 mg/dL
Excess water + bicarbonate effect on urine output?
Increased urine output
Excess water + bicarbonate effect on pH?
pH increased-> more basic
Normal range for men urine blood:
0.6-1.1 mg/dL
Excess water + bicarbonate effect on SG?
Slightly increased
What effect did drinking a glucose soln have on glucose levels in the urine?
Decreased SG, meaning your urine is too diluted
What SG would you expect for a DM patient?
Low SG due to the decrease in ADH-> causing frequent urine output
When is aldosterone is released from the adrenal gland?
When triggered by angiotensin II to reabsorb Na
What effect would aldosterone release have on blood pressure and urine output?
Aldosterone increases Na and water-> increases BV-> increases BP
Decrease in urine output due to your body holding onto Na and where Na goes, water follows
Hyperventilating causes you to:
Breath out more Co2-> able to hold breath for greater amount of time
Holding your breath after breathing normally causes you to:
Shorter amount of time you are able to hold your breath due to build up of Co2
Breathing into a plastic bag for 10 secs causes you to:
Shortest amount of time you are able to hold your breath due to breathing in the Co2 that was in the bag
Age factors for RV:
For ages 16-34= 0.250
for ages 35-49= 0.305
for ages 50-69= -0.445
How to calculate actual %:
Act. FVC x 100
How to calculate SVC % deviation:
% deviation= [actual(pred)/pred] x 100
Test used for hearing:
Weber test: top of head
Rinne test: on mastoid process of ear
Test used for eyesight?
Pupillary light reflex
Test used to test spinal cord injury:
Patellar
normal- kick upward
Abnormal-multiple repetitive motions
Plantar/babinski test:
(+) babinski= normal in infants, but abnormal in adults
-big toe dorsiflexion->toes fan upwards
(-) babinski= normal in adults
-plantar flex-> toes down
Negative feedback loop for blood pressure:
Stimulus: Increase in BP
Sensor: Baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus
Integrator: Medulla oblonga
Effector: Heart + arteries
Response: Decrease in cardiac output + vasodilate to decrease resistance
Result: Decrease in BP
What is a disturbance for blood glucose homeostasis?
Diabetes mellitus
How to test FEV1% deviation?
%deviation= [FEV1/FVC] x 100
