LEC EXAM #1 CHP 2 Flashcards
Organic chemicals found in living organisms come in 4 categories:
- carbs
- lipids
- fats
- nucleic acids
Carbs:
- sugars in humans/starches in plants
- body uses first for fuel
Lipids:
fats, phospholipids, steroids
Nucleic acids:
RNA & DNA
2 simple carbs:
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Complex carb:
Polysaccharide
Monosaccharides:
3-7 carbon atoms
3 examples of monosaccharides:
- glucose
- galactose
- fructose
Where is glycogen stored in animals?
Liver and skeletal muscles
Dehydration synthesis reactions occur between:
Glucose molecules to form glycogen branches
The process of breaking down disaccharides into two monosaccharides so they can fit through the plasma membrane, as well as forming a disaccharide out of two monosaccharides is called:
hydrolysis
3 examples of disaccharides:
- sucrose= glu+ fru
- maltose= glu+ glu
- lactose= glu+ gal
Disaccharides:
2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharide is:
many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis to form polymer
Dietary fiber function:
keep digestive tract moving
Ex of fiber:
- oat bran
- legumes
- fruits and veggies
Lipids are transported by:
LDL and HDL lipoproteins
Free fatty acids are transported by:
Albumin
3 ex of lipids:
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
How are triglycerides transported in the the blood?
VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)
1 important function of triglycerides:
Attract and store lipid-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, drugs, and toxins
Fatty acid/tails structure:
Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a polar carboxylic acid group (COOH) at one end
what are our 2 essential fatty acids?
omega-3 and omega-6
Associated with healthy brain and nerve function and decreased body inflammation:
Omega-3
Where can you find omega-3 fatty acids:
salmon, sardines
Associated with inflammation:
Omega-6
Where can you find omega-6?
eggs, animal meat
Fatty acids can be either:
-saturated (single bonds)
or
-unsaturated (double bond)
2 ex of unsaturated fatty acid:
- monounsaturated
2. polyunsaturated
Single bonds:
- solid at room temp
- pack together tightly
Double bonds:
- liquid at room temp
- kink
Ex of sat/unsat fat:
Saturated: Butter
Unsaturated: Oil
When hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the carbon to carbon double bond:
Cis configuration
When the hydrogen atoms are on the opposite sides of the double bond:
Trans configuration
Phospholipid structure:
- Phosphate group + 2 fatty acid tails
- main component of cellular membrane
What effects proteins?
Temp and ph
4 things steroids are made up of:
- cholesterol
- estrogen and testosterone
- cortisteroids and calcitriol
- bile salts
Cholesterol: (3)
- aids with stability
- insoluble in water
- transported by lipoproteins
High in cholesterol and low in protein:
LDL (low-density lipoproteins)
Contain more protein than cholestrol:
HDL (high-density lipoproteins)
The body cannot synthesize:
essential amino acids
Proteins are made up of:
20 amino acids
LDL’s function:
carry cholesterol and triglycerides from liver to body cells
HDL’s function:
scavenge excess cholesterol from body and return it to liver
Amino acid structure: (5)
- carbon
- hydrogen
- amino group (-NH2)
- carboxylic acid group (-COOH)
- different R group for each
What gives amino acids their chemical properties (polar/non-polar, charged/non-charged)
R-group
Hooking amino acids together requires a dehydration synthesis between:
- amino group of one amino acid
- carboxylic acid group of another amino acid
- producing a PEPTIDE
Primary-quaternary structure of amino acids:
- primary: amino acids along polypeptide
- secondary: hydrogen bonds form a-helix of b-pleated sheet
- tertiary: secondary structure folds into unique shape
- quaternary: final shape (several tertiary structures together)
2 structural classes of proteins:
- fibrous (keratin): strong
- globular (hemoglobin)
Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions and decrease the activation energy of the reaction:
enzymes
The energy required to start a chemical reaction:
Activation energy
What do enzymes bind to and stress its bonds to decrease the energy required to break the bonds:
Substrates
Enzymes inhibited by:
- heat
- ph
- mercury (Hg)
4 generic nucleotides that we have:
- adenine
- guanine
- thymine
- cytosine
Found in RNA only:
Uracil, replaces thymine in DNA
DNA nucleotide structure:
Phosphate + deoxyribose sugar + nitrogenous base
Which nitrogenous base pairs with which nitrogenous base for DNA?
A=T
C=G
Function of DNA: (4)
- stores genetic info in the form of genes
- carried inherited characteristics
- controls enzyme production
- controls metabolism
Which nitrogenous base pairs with which nitrogenous base for RNA?
A=U
C=G
Function of RNA:
Takes codes from DNA and translates into proteins
RNA nucleotide structure:
Single stranded with a ribose and phosphate backbone
What are the only 2 vitamins that can be synthesized by the body?
D and K
How many essential vitamins do we need?
13
Vitamin D is synthesized in the body using:
Sunlight
Vitamin D is found in:
Dairy
Vitamin D function:
Absorption
Vitamin K is required for:
blood clotting
Where do we get Vitamin K from?
Bacteria living in our large intestine and green-leafy veggies
Hydrophobic vitamins:
Not soluble in water
A, D, E, K
Hydrophilic vitamins:
Can be dissolved in plasma
Which vitamins do we urinate out?
Hydrophilic
Excess hydrophobic vitamins in body tissues can lead to:
toxicity
Why are minerals necessary? (3)
- fluid balance
- muscle and nerve function
- building bones and teeth
Bind free radicals and prevent them from doing damage
Antioxidants
Essential amino acids come from out diet:
Beef, fish, eggs, nuts, dairy
How do we activate enzymes? (3)
- vitamins/minerals
- ATP
- increase temp
Which vitamins stay in our tissues?
Hydrophobic vitamins
HDL level?
> 60 mg/ 100 ml of plasma
LDL level?
<100 mg/ 100 ml of plasma
Triglyceride level?
<150 mg/ 100 ml of plasma
