- sugars in humans/starches in plants - body uses first for fuel

- oat bran - legumes - fruits and veggies

LEC EXAM #1 CHP 2 Flashcards by Natasha Tenen

Organic chemicals found in living organisms come in 4 categories:

carbs
lipids
fats
nucleic acids

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Carbs:

sugars in humans/starches in plants

- body uses first for fuel

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Lipids:

fats, phospholipids, steroids

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Nucleic acids:

RNA & DNA

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2 simple carbs:

Monosaccharide

Disaccharide

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Complex carb:

Polysaccharide

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Monosaccharides:

3-7 carbon atoms

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3 examples of monosaccharides:

glucose
galactose
fructose

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Where is glycogen stored in animals?

Liver and skeletal muscles

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Dehydration synthesis reactions occur between:

Glucose molecules to form glycogen branches

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The process of breaking down disaccharides into two monosaccharides so they can fit through the plasma membrane, as well as forming a disaccharide out of two monosaccharides is called:

hydrolysis

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3 examples of disaccharides:

sucrose= glu+ fru
maltose= glu+ glu
lactose= glu+ gal

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Disaccharides:

2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis

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Polysaccharide is:

many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis to form polymer

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Dietary fiber function:

keep digestive tract moving

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Ex of fiber:

oat bran
legumes
fruits and veggies

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Lipids are transported by:

LDL and HDL lipoproteins

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Free fatty acids are transported by:

Albumin

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3 ex of lipids:

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

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How are triglycerides transported in the the blood?

VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)

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1 important function of triglycerides:

Attract and store lipid-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, drugs, and toxins

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Fatty acid/tails structure:

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a polar carboxylic acid group (COOH) at one end

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what are our 2 essential fatty acids?

omega-3 and omega-6

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Associated with healthy brain and nerve function and decreased body inflammation:

Omega-3

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Where can you find omega-3 fatty acids:

salmon, sardines

Associated with inflammation:

Omega-6

Where can you find omega-6?

eggs, animal meat

Fatty acids can be either:

-saturated (single bonds) or -unsaturated (double bond)

2 ex of unsaturated fatty acid:

1. monounsaturated | 2. polyunsaturated

Single bonds:

- solid at room temp | - pack together tightly

Double bonds:

- liquid at room temp | - kink

Ex of sat/unsat fat:

Saturated: Butter Unsaturated: Oil

When hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the carbon to carbon double bond:

Cis configuration

When the hydrogen atoms are on the opposite sides of the double bond:

Trans configuration

Phospholipid structure:

- Phosphate group + 2 fatty acid tails | - main component of cellular membrane

What effects proteins?

Temp and ph

4 things steroids are made up of:

- cholesterol - estrogen and testosterone - cortisteroids and calcitriol - bile salts

Cholesterol: (3)

- aids with stability - insoluble in water - transported by lipoproteins

High in cholesterol and low in protein:

LDL (low-density lipoproteins)

Contain more protein than cholestrol:

HDL (high-density lipoproteins)

The body cannot synthesize:

essential amino acids

Proteins are made up of:

20 amino acids

LDL's function:

carry cholesterol and triglycerides from liver to body cells

HDL's function:

scavenge excess cholesterol from body and return it to liver

Amino acid structure: (5)

- carbon - hydrogen - amino group (-NH2) - carboxylic acid group (-COOH) - different R group for each

What gives amino acids their chemical properties (polar/non-polar, charged/non-charged)

R-group

Hooking amino acids together requires a dehydration synthesis between:

- amino group of one amino acid - carboxylic acid group of another amino acid - producing a PEPTIDE

Primary-quaternary structure of amino acids:

- primary: amino acids along polypeptide - secondary: hydrogen bonds form a-helix of b-pleated sheet - tertiary: secondary structure folds into unique shape - quaternary: final shape (several tertiary structures together)

2 structural classes of proteins:

- fibrous (keratin): strong | - globular (hemoglobin)

Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions and decrease the activation energy of the reaction:

enzymes

The energy required to start a chemical reaction:

Activation energy

What do enzymes bind to and stress its bonds to decrease the energy required to break the bonds:

Substrates

Enzymes inhibited by:

- heat - ph - mercury (Hg)

4 generic nucleotides that we have:

- adenine - guanine - thymine - cytosine

Found in RNA only:

Uracil, replaces thymine in DNA

DNA nucleotide structure:

Phosphate + deoxyribose sugar + nitrogenous base

Which nitrogenous base pairs with which nitrogenous base for DNA?

A=T | C=G

Function of DNA: (4)

- stores genetic info in the form of genes - carried inherited characteristics - controls enzyme production - controls metabolism

Which nitrogenous base pairs with which nitrogenous base for RNA?

A=U | C=G

Function of RNA:

Takes codes from DNA and translates into proteins

RNA nucleotide structure:

Single stranded with a ribose and phosphate backbone

What are the only 2 vitamins that can be synthesized by the body?

D and K

How many essential vitamins do we need?

Vitamin D is synthesized in the body using:

Sunlight

Vitamin D is found in:

Dairy

Vitamin D function:

Absorption

Vitamin K is required for:

blood clotting

Where do we get Vitamin K from?

Bacteria living in our large intestine and green-leafy veggies

Hydrophobic vitamins:

Not soluble in water | A, D, E, K

Hydrophilic vitamins:

Can be dissolved in plasma

Which vitamins do we urinate out?

Hydrophilic

Excess hydrophobic vitamins in body tissues can lead to:

toxicity

Why are minerals necessary? (3)

- fluid balance - muscle and nerve function - building bones and teeth

Bind free radicals and prevent them from doing damage

Antioxidants

Essential amino acids come from out diet:

Beef, fish, eggs, nuts, dairy

How do we activate enzymes? (3)

- vitamins/minerals - ATP - increase temp

Which vitamins stay in our tissues?

Hydrophobic vitamins

HDL level?

>60 mg/ 100 ml of plasma

LDL level?

<100 mg/ 100 ml of plasma

Triglyceride level?

<150 mg/ 100 ml of plasma