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BIOL 261 > LEC EXAM #2 CHP 6 > Flashcards

LEC EXAM #2 CHP 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Anaerobic respiration consists of:

A

Glycolysis and anaerobic fermentation (lactic acid production)

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2
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration/glycolysis occur in the cell?

A

Cytosol

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3
Q

Under what conditions does anaerobic respiration/glycolysis take place?

A

Typically in skeletal muscle; no oxygen is needed-when sprinting

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4
Q

What is NAD used for?

A

Grabs 2 electrons and 1 proton

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5
Q

What is the net ATP of anaerobic respiration?

A

2

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6
Q

Aerobic respiration consists of:

A

Krebs and the electron transport chain

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7
Q

How many ATP does Kreb’s cycle produce?

A

2

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8
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell?

A

Mitochondria matrix

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9
Q

Under what conditions does aerobic respiration occur?

A

When you need oxygen

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10
Q

How are NAD and FAD recycled?

A

Recycled in anaerobic and aerobic respiration

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11
Q

Cori cycle:

A

How we process lactic acid

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12
Q

What are end products of aerobic respiration?

A
  • 36 ATP
  • CO2
  • H2O
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13
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

Oxygen- that is why we need oxygen

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14
Q

Why is the ETC important?

A
  • Because it frees NAD+ and FAD to be reused in Krebs and the ETC
  • generates ATP
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15
Q

Components of ATP:

A

Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

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16
Q

What is ATP used for?

A

Transports and stores energy

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17
Q

How do get carbon dioxide from cellular metabolism?

A

from the final breakdown of glucose in the Kreb’s cycle

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18
Q

How do we get heat from cellular metabolism?

A

Energy in glucose releases heat

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19
Q

How do we get water from cellular metabolism?

A

From oxygen and hydrogen in the ETC

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20
Q

Gluconeogenesis:

A

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as:

  • lactic acid
  • glycerol
  • amino acids
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21
Q

Glycogenesis:

A

synthesis of glycogen from glucose

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22
Q

How do we use triglycerides for cellular respiration?

A

For energy storage

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23
Q

What do triglycerides break down as during cellular respiration?

A

acetyl-CoA

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24
Q

What are the byproducts of lipid metabolism?

A

Beta oxidation

25
Q

How do we use proteins for cellular respiration?

A

Rip off NH2 (amine group) and throw it into glycolysis or krebs

26
Q

When do we use proteins for cellular respiration?

A

To synthesize needed proteins in the body and used last as a fuel source

27
Q

What are the byproducts of ammonia and keto acid?

A

NADH

28
Q

How does your body deal with ammonia?

A
  • Ammonia is toxic; the brain is the first place affected, which can put you into a coma and cause brain swelling
  • ammonia-> urea; we pee it out
29
Q

What are the phases of starvation:

A

1st: blood glucose is maintained by breaking down glycogen (carbs)
2nd: fats are primary energy source
3rd: proteins are primary energy source

30
Q

How does diabetic keto acidosis work?

A

Occurs when insulin dependent patients cannot get glucose into the cell due to lack of insulin

31
Q

Why is keto acidosis so dangerous?

A

Because your body begins using muscle, fat, and liver cells as fuels-> excessive ketones in blood-> acidifies blood and damages organs

32
Q

The body can use amino acid/proteins in cellular respiration 2 ways:

A
  1. can be converted into intermediates of kreb’s and enter kreb’s that way
  2. can go through oxidative reanimation to produce NADH+ketones
33
Q

In the 3rd phase of starvation, why does the body degrade cellular proteins and skeletal muscles for fuel?

A

To make NADH + ketones

34
Q

What occurs during the 2nd phase of starvation?

A

Liver converts fatty acids-> ketone bodies for fuel (ketosis)

35
Q

What occurs during the 3rd phase of starvation?

A

Fat reserves depleted and the body switches over to protein degradation as fuel source

36
Q

1 glucose molecule =

A

36 ATP

37
Q

What is FAD used for?

A

FADH2 gets converted to FAD when it gives up it’s electrons to the ETC complexes

38
Q

What grabs acid from ketones (acts as a pH buffer)?

A

Bicarbonate and albumin

39
Q

What do you use to start glycolysis?

A

Glucose

40
Q

How many NADH made in krebs and connector step?

A

6 in krebs

2 in connector step

41
Q

What gives you the most atp?

A

ETC and aerobic metabolism

42
Q

FADH pumps out _ protons

NADH pumps out _ protons

A

2

3

43
Q

1 NADH=

A

3 ATP

44
Q

What creates ATP?

A

Going down conc. gradient

45
Q

FADH will only go to:

A

Complex 2

46
Q

How many ATP does the electron transport chain produce?

A

32

47
Q

Cellular function:

A
  • Cell growth and division
  • secretion
  • contraction
  • propagation of AP
48
Q

Glycogen is found:

A

Liver + skeletal muscle

49
Q

Triglycerides are found:

A

Liver + adipocytes

50
Q

Energy production by fuel degradation:

A

Catabolism

51
Q

Using energy produced to maintain functions/homeostasis:

A

Anabolism

52
Q

In order for your body to carry out metabolism, it requires:

A

Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Well balanced diet

53
Q

What does glycolysis require? (5)

A
  • enzymes
  • ATP
  • ADP
  • P
  • NAD
54
Q

Without oxygen in the ETC…

A

NADH/FADH would not be able to regenerate to NAD/FAD

55
Q

Fermentaion gives you:

A

Lactic acid or ethanol

56
Q

The cori cycle:

A

glucose converts to -> lactate in skeletal muscle

lactate converts to-> glucose in the liver

57
Q

if you want to store glucose you use:

A

glycogenesis

58
Q

if you don’t have enough glucose to make ATP you use:

A

Gluconeogenesis

BIOL 261 (21 decks)

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