LEC EXAM #2 CHP 6 Flashcards
Anaerobic respiration consists of:
Glycolysis and anaerobic fermentation (lactic acid production)
Where does anaerobic respiration/glycolysis occur in the cell?
Cytosol
Under what conditions does anaerobic respiration/glycolysis take place?
Typically in skeletal muscle; no oxygen is needed-when sprinting
What is NAD used for?
Grabs 2 electrons and 1 proton
What is the net ATP of anaerobic respiration?
2
Aerobic respiration consists of:
Krebs and the electron transport chain
How many ATP does Kreb’s cycle produce?
2
Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell?
Mitochondria matrix
Under what conditions does aerobic respiration occur?
When you need oxygen
How are NAD and FAD recycled?
Recycled in anaerobic and aerobic respiration
Cori cycle:
How we process lactic acid
What are end products of aerobic respiration?
- 36 ATP
- CO2
- H2O
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
Oxygen- that is why we need oxygen
Why is the ETC important?
- Because it frees NAD+ and FAD to be reused in Krebs and the ETC
- generates ATP
Components of ATP:
Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
What is ATP used for?
Transports and stores energy
How do get carbon dioxide from cellular metabolism?
from the final breakdown of glucose in the Kreb’s cycle
How do we get heat from cellular metabolism?
Energy in glucose releases heat
How do we get water from cellular metabolism?
From oxygen and hydrogen in the ETC
Gluconeogenesis:
synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as:
- lactic acid
- glycerol
- amino acids
Glycogenesis:
synthesis of glycogen from glucose
How do we use triglycerides for cellular respiration?
For energy storage
What do triglycerides break down as during cellular respiration?
acetyl-CoA
What are the byproducts of lipid metabolism?
Beta oxidation
How do we use proteins for cellular respiration?
Rip off NH2 (amine group) and throw it into glycolysis or krebs
When do we use proteins for cellular respiration?
To synthesize needed proteins in the body and used last as a fuel source
What are the byproducts of ammonia and keto acid?
NADH
How does your body deal with ammonia?
- Ammonia is toxic; the brain is the first place affected, which can put you into a coma and cause brain swelling
- ammonia-> urea; we pee it out
What are the phases of starvation:
1st: blood glucose is maintained by breaking down glycogen (carbs)
2nd: fats are primary energy source
3rd: proteins are primary energy source
How does diabetic keto acidosis work?
Occurs when insulin dependent patients cannot get glucose into the cell due to lack of insulin
Why is keto acidosis so dangerous?
Because your body begins using muscle, fat, and liver cells as fuels-> excessive ketones in blood-> acidifies blood and damages organs
The body can use amino acid/proteins in cellular respiration 2 ways:
- can be converted into intermediates of kreb’s and enter kreb’s that way
- can go through oxidative reanimation to produce NADH+ketones
In the 3rd phase of starvation, why does the body degrade cellular proteins and skeletal muscles for fuel?
To make NADH + ketones
What occurs during the 2nd phase of starvation?
Liver converts fatty acids-> ketone bodies for fuel (ketosis)
What occurs during the 3rd phase of starvation?
Fat reserves depleted and the body switches over to protein degradation as fuel source
1 glucose molecule =
36 ATP
What is FAD used for?
FADH2 gets converted to FAD when it gives up it’s electrons to the ETC complexes
What grabs acid from ketones (acts as a pH buffer)?
Bicarbonate and albumin
What do you use to start glycolysis?
Glucose
How many NADH made in krebs and connector step?
6 in krebs
2 in connector step
What gives you the most atp?
ETC and aerobic metabolism
FADH pumps out _ protons
NADH pumps out _ protons
2
3
1 NADH=
3 ATP
What creates ATP?
Going down conc. gradient
FADH will only go to:
Complex 2
How many ATP does the electron transport chain produce?
32
Cellular function:
- Cell growth and division
- secretion
- contraction
- propagation of AP
Glycogen is found:
Liver + skeletal muscle
Triglycerides are found:
Liver + adipocytes
Energy production by fuel degradation:
Catabolism
Using energy produced to maintain functions/homeostasis:
Anabolism
In order for your body to carry out metabolism, it requires:
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Well balanced diet
What does glycolysis require? (5)
- enzymes
- ATP
- ADP
- P
- NAD
Without oxygen in the ETC…
NADH/FADH would not be able to regenerate to NAD/FAD
Fermentaion gives you:
Lactic acid or ethanol
The cori cycle:
glucose converts to -> lactate in skeletal muscle
lactate converts to-> glucose in the liver
if you want to store glucose you use:
glycogenesis
if you don’t have enough glucose to make ATP you use:
Gluconeogenesis
