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BIOL 261 > LAB PRACTICAL EXAM > Flashcards

LAB PRACTICAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal distribution value for neutrophils?

A

45-75%

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2
Q

What is the normal distribution value for lymphocytes?

A

20-30%

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3
Q

What is the normal distribution value for monocytes?

A

10%

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4
Q

What is the normal distribution value for eosinophils?

A

2-5%

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5
Q

What is the normal distribution value for basophils?

A

1%

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6
Q

An increased amount of neutrophils could indicate:

A
  • bacterial infection
  • appendicitis
  • cancer
  • pneumonia
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7
Q

An increased amount of lymphocytes could indicate:

A
  • viral infection or chronic diseases
  • mumps
  • measles
  • syphilis
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8
Q

An increased amount of monocytes could indicate:

A
  • long term infection
  • fungal infection
  • malaria
  • tb
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9
Q

An increased amount of eosinophils could indicate:

A
  • parasitic infection
  • allergic reactions
  • asthma
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10
Q

An increased amount of basophils could indicate:

A
  • allergic reaction
  • anemia
  • chicken pox
  • hepatitis
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11
Q

Neutrophils eat:

A

Bacteria

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12
Q

Eosinophils eat:

A

Parasites

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13
Q

A decreased amount of eosinophils could indicate:

A
  • stress
  • cushing’s syndrome
  • increased glucocorticoid hormones
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14
Q

Monocytes eat:

A

Viruses and bacteria

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15
Q

Banded neutrophils are:

A

Immature

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16
Q

A decreased amount of lymphocytes could indicate:

A

HIV

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17
Q

A decreased amount of neutrophils could indicate:

A
  • measles
  • malnutrition
  • typhoid fever
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18
Q

Segmented neutrophils are:

A

Mature

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19
Q

Sensor:

A

gives a receptor and locator, senses change

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20
Q

Stimulus:

A

deviation from set point

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21
Q

Integrator:

A

compares signal coming in to set point

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22
Q

Effector:

A

organ or tissue

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23
Q

Response:

A

change that occurs

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24
Q

Disturbance:

A

can’t get back to set point

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25
Q

Example of feedback loop for body temp:

A

Stimulus: Increase in body temp
Sensor: Thermoreceptors in skin and hypothalamus
Integrator: Hypothalamus
Effector: Skin blood vessels and sweat glands
Response: Blood vessels in skin vasodilator-> release heat
sweat glands in skin release heat as sweat
Result: Decrease in body temp.

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26
Q

Example of feedback loop for heart rate/pulse rate:

A

Stimulus: Increase in pulse rate
Sensor: Baroreceptors in aortic arch + carotid sinus
Integrator: Medulla oblongata
Effector: Blood vessels and heart
Response: Blood vessels vasodilate, HR drops
Result: Pulse rate decreases

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27
Q

What is a disturbance for body temp?

A

Hypothermia

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28
Q

What kind of data would be considered continuous data and what kind of graph?

A

Date, time, weight

Scattor plot

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29
Q

What kind of data would be considered discrete data and what kind of graph?

A

Male vs. female

Bar graph

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30
Q

Y-axis is:

A

Dependent

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31
Q

X-axis is:

A

Independent

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32
Q

How do we determine the set point?

A

mean, median, or mode

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33
Q

Longest stage of mitosis:

A

Interphase; most of cell’s lifecycle spent here

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34
Q

Summary of mitosis:

A

Prophase: DNA duplicates
Metaphase: meet in middle
Anaphase: pulls apart
Telophase: cells break off, cytokinesis

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35
Q

Proportional relationship:

Example:

A

If one increases, the other increases

As the weight/pressure of the fluid decreases, the rate of filtration decreases

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36
Q

Inverse relationship:

Example:

A

If one increases, the other will decrease

As the molecular weight increases, the rate of diffusion decreases

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37
Q

What is the relationship between molecular weight and rate of diffusion?

A

Inverse

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38
Q

What is the relationship between filtration rate and pressure of fluid/weight of fluid?

A

Proportional

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39
Q

What is the relationship between size of particles and filtration?

A

Inverse; as particle size decreases, the rate of filtration increases

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40
Q

What is filtered by the glomerulus? (5)

A
  • water
  • carbon dioxide
  • ions
  • metabolic waste
  • glucose
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41
Q

What remains in the filtrate?

A
  • RBC
  • platelets
  • large proteins
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42
Q

How do you test for glucose?

A

Benedict’s soln- positive if it turns orange/red

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43
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

Lugol’s soln- positive if it turns black

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44
Q

How do we test for Hct?

A

Using a centrifuge

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45
Q

How do we test for Hgb?

A

Using the Tallquist scale, put drop of blood on blotting paper and wait 30 secs for it to dry, then compare with Tallquist color scale

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46
Q

How do we test for RBC count?

A

Using a hemocytometer

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47
Q

What is the normal RBC count for males, females, and fetuses?

A

Males: 5,400,000

Females: 4,600,000

Fetus: 5.5-6 million

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48
Q

What causes hemoglobin levels to differ between sexes?

A

Men have more testosterone, which increases their metabolism

49
Q

What is the average hematocrit levels for males and females?

A

Males: 42%-54 %

Females: 38%-46%

50
Q

What is the function of Hgb?

A
  • Transports O2 and CO2
  • Buffer
  • Balances PH levels
  • Eliminates waste products
51
Q

When is coagulation time lengthened?

A
  • liver disease
  • being on Coumadin
  • hemophilia
  • decreased vitamin K
52
Q

What is the normal hemoglobin/Tallquist count for males and females?

A

Males: 15.6 g/100ml

Females: 14.1 g/100ml

53
Q

When shortens the coagulation time of the blood?

A

Increased:

  • Fibrinogen
  • Platelets
  • Prothrombin
  • Calcium
54
Q

Why does coagulation time take longer than bleeding time?

A

Certain things need to come to the surface for it to coagulate, and blood is already there so it comes out naturally

55
Q

What is the action and production site for fibrinogen?

A

action- blood clotting

production site- liver

56
Q

What is the action and production site for calcium?

A

action- osmosis + balance of pH and cell membranes

production site: stored in cells, not made in the body

57
Q

What is the action and production site for prothrombin?

A

action- blood clotting

production site- liver

58
Q

What is the action and production site for thromboplastin?

A

action- conversion of prothrombin into thrombin

production site- blood platelets

59
Q

Define hematocrit:

A

The percentage volume of packed RBC

60
Q

What causes hematocrit levels to increase?

A
  • high altitude
  • smoking
  • exercise
  • dehydration
  • post blood transfusion
61
Q

In the dialysis bag experiment, what moved into the cell?

out of the cell?

A
  • Water: bags gained weight
  • Iodine: iodine in outer soln combined w/ starch inside-> color change of black on inside and outside of bag

-Sugar-: sugar from inside the bag was found in the outer soln

62
Q

A lower RBC count would result in:

A

-anemia

63
Q

A higher RBC count would result in:

A

-polycythemia

64
Q

What are 4 main components of whole blood?

%

A

RBC, WBC, plasma, and platelets

55% plasma
45% RBC’s

65
Q

Low hemoglobin levels could indicate:

A
  • anemia

- chemo

66
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis:

A

RH- mother builds up antibodies after having an RH+ child

67
Q

How to avoid Erythroblastosis fetalis:

A

Giving mom a rhogam shot which decreases the amount of RH+ antibodies mom produces

68
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis rule:

A

Only applies the second pregnancy, once mom has already been exposed to RH+

69
Q

Where is hemoglobin produced in the human body?

A

by the RBC’s in the bone marrow

70
Q

What results would you need to consider yourself anemic?

A

Hemoglobin levels below 60%

71
Q

Blood group A:

A
  • A antigen

- B antibody

72
Q

Blood group B:

A
  • B antigen

- A antibody

73
Q

Blood group AB:

A
  • A & B antigen

- NO antibodies

74
Q

Blood group O:

A
  • NO antigens

- A & B antibodies

75
Q

Alleles for blood groups:

A, B, AB, O, Rh+, Rh-

A 
A: AA, Ao
B: BB, Bo
AB: AB
O: oo
Rh+: ++, +-
Rh-: - -
76
Q

Blood group Rh+:

A
  • Rh antigen

- NO antibody

77
Q

Blood group Rh-:

A
  • NO antigen

- Rh+ once exposed

78
Q

Universal donor:

A

O

79
Q

Universal recipient:

A

AB

80
Q

If you are Rh+, what Rh blood types can you accept/receive?

A

Rh positive and negative

81
Q

If you are Rh-, what Rh blood types can you accept/receive?

A

Negative only

82
Q

Blood type A can donate to which blood types:

Receive?

A

A and AB

A and O

83
Q

Blood type B can donate to which blood types:

Receive?

A

B and AB

B and O

84
Q

Blood type O can donate to which blood types:

Receive?

A

All

Only O

85
Q

Blood type AB can donate to which blood types:

Receive?

A

AB only

ALL (greedy ass)

86
Q

Why do erythrocythemia have banded neutrophils?

A

Because they kick out the red bone marrow early

87
Q

What is the average male RBC count? in measuring with a hemocytometer

A

4.5-6.0 mil/mm3

88
Q

What is the average female RBC count? in measuring with a hemocytometer

A

40.-5.5 mil/mm3

89
Q

What happens if a bee stings you and you’re allergic?

A
  • Secretes histamine which dilates blood vessels, causing the area to swell which brings more blood to the area
  • Secretes heparin which prevents clotting and makes it hot, bringing more blood to the area
90
Q

Which WBC would be effected if a bee stings you and you develop an allergic reaction?

A

Basophil

91
Q

In our blood typing lab, we put which serums in which blood types?

A

A- antiserum A
B- antiserum B
Rh- antiserum Rh

92
Q

If you put an antiserum A into blood type A and it agglutinates, what does this mean?

A

Your blood contains A antigen and B antibodies

93
Q

If agglutination occurs in both A and B well, what blood type are you?

A

AB

94
Q

If no agglutination occurs, what blood type are you?

A

O

95
Q

If agglutination occurs in the Rh well, do you have the Rh factor?

A

Yes

96
Q

The Tallquist Scale is most important in determining?

A

Anemia

97
Q

Coagulation or clotting time:

A

The amount of time necessary for blood to coagulate

98
Q

A high WBC count is called:

A

Leucocytosis

99
Q

A low WBC count is called:

A

Leucopenia

100
Q

A hemocytometer is a:

A

WBC counting chamber

101
Q

MW of glucose:

A

1 mol
_____
180g

102
Q

MW of NaCl:

A

1 mol
_____
58 g

103
Q

NaCl mol ratio:

A

1 mol = 2 osm

104
Q

Glucose mol ratio:

A

1 mol = 1 osm

105
Q

1 osm=

A

1000 mosm

106
Q

Hyperosmotic:

A

More particles

107
Q

Hypoosmotic:

A

Less particles

108
Q

What will happen if you place a cell into a hypertonic soln?

What does hypertonic mean:

A

Water will move outside the cell, causing it to crenate or shrink

More soln outside the cell

109
Q

What will happen if you place a cell into a hypotonic soln?

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Water will move into the cell, cause it to swell

Less soln outside the cell

110
Q

Why is it important to not use the first drop of blood?

A

Because its high in tissue fluid and clot activators, so it is not representative of there rest of the blood.

111
Q

The first drop of blood is considered:

A

A contaminated fragment of a cell

112
Q

What would squeezing your finger excessively to produce blood do to your hemoglobin determination?

A

Alters composition of blood by forcing it out along with interstitial fluid and WBC’s

113
Q

Anemia:

A

A condition marked by deficiency of RBC’s and hemoglobin

114
Q

Why does the fetus and newborn have a much higher RBC count than males and females?

A

Their fetal environment and demand for O2, and they have a different form of hemoglobin called gamma subunits

115
Q

a higher white count may indicate?

A

disorder, disease, bacterial or viral infection, allergy

116
Q

Leukemia:

A

Malignant disease where bone marrow + other blood forming organs produce abnormal leukocytes

117
Q

MCV formula:

mean corpuscular volume

A

Hematocrit x 10
____________
RBC

118
Q

MCH formula:

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin x 10
_____________
RBC

119
Q

MCHC formula:

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

A

Hemoglobin x 100
______________
Hematocrit

BIOL 261 (21 decks)

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