LEC EXAM #2 CHP. 5 Flashcards
Blood is composed of:
55% plasma + 45% formed elements
What are formed elements?
- RBCs or erythrocytes (99%)
- WBCs or leukocytes (1%)
- Platelets or thrombocytes (1%)
How do formed elements develop?
Via hematopoiesis
Blood pH:
7.35-7.45
What are 4 functions of blood functions?
- transportation
- regulates Ph
- defends against pathogens
- body temp
What is the normal distribution value for neutrophils?
45-75%
What is the normal distribution value for lymphocytes?
20-30%
What is the normal distribution value for monocytes?
10%
What is the normal distribution value for eosinophils?
2-5%
What is the normal distribution value for basophils?
1%
Plasma without the formed elements is:
Serum
Plasma is: (%)
92% water
7% proteins
Plasma proteins:
- Albumin
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
What is hematopoiesis?
Stem cells in bone marrow give rise to formed elements
Albumin:
- most abundant in plasma
- made in liver
- negatively charged
- create osmotic pressure
- keeps plasma conc. at .9%
Globulins:
Transport proteins and lipoproteins
Fibrinogen:
Blood clotting
Functions of formed elements:
RBCs- transport oxygen
WBCs- immune system
Platelets- blood clotting
Sickle cell anemia:
Defect in the heme form and form a sickle shaped RBC
Where is Hgb produced?
In the bone marrow of long bones
Hemoglobin is made of:
Four subunits, each contains a heme group + Fe that each bind to an O2 molecule, so four O2 molecules all together
Fetal hemoglobin:
- Different form of hemoglobin than adults
- Higher affinity for oxygen then mom’s Hgb
What is the Hbg saturation curve?
- Hgb subunits show positive cooperative binding
- One O2 bound causes another O2 to bind-> domino effect until all four molecules are bound
The binding of O2 to hemoglobin occurs only when:
- pH high
- cold temp
- ow O2
- RBCs release CO2 (low CO2)
- red color: oxyhemoglobin
When does hemoglobin release O2?
- pH low (more acidic=more protons)
- high CO2
- Hgb releases O2 (low O2)
- high temp
- purple color: deoxyhemoglobin
RBCs do not have:
a nucleus
mitochondria
As temp increases what happens to the affinity of Hgb?
Where?
Decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen because Hgb likes to bind Co2 when warmer
As temp decreases what happens to the affinity of Hgb?
Where?
Increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen because Hgb likes to bind O2 when colder
Increase in pH:
Hemoglobin wants to bind O2, release CO2
Where does the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin occur?
Pulmonary capillaries
What is the Bohr effect?
The effect pH has on hemoglobin’s saturation curve because of the CO2
When there is excess CO2, we have:
Excess H+/protons-> more acidic
Decrease in pH:
Hemoglobin wants to bind CO2, release O2
Decrease in CO2:
causes LEFT shift (increased affinity) in oxyhemoglobin curve: decrease leads to an increase in pH.
Increase in CO2:
causes RIGHT shift (decreased affinity) in oxyhemoglobin curve: leads to a decrease in pH
When O2 is high:
- high pH in lungs (more basic)
- Hgb bind O2 easier
When tissues produce excess CO2:
- low pH (more acidic)
- Hgb releases O2 easier
Where does Hematopoiesis occur in fetuses?
Yolk sac, liver, and spleen
Where does Hematopoiesis occur in adults?
In myeloid tissue (red bone marrow)
If H+ binds to albumins:
doesn’t change the pH
Excess protons are:
an acid
When does H+ shift pH?
Only when floating around
What is a buffer?
Maintains pH of whatever it is in
The liver is responsible for what during pregnancy?
Degrading of hemoglobin
What is it called when you don’t completely break down RBCs and have excess bilirubin?
Jaundice
Hemoglobin prefers:
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide rather than O2
High temp:
Binds CO2
Low temp:
Bind O2
Hot acidic environment:
Tissues
Cold acidic environment:
Lungs
Erythropoietin=
Kidney hormone that increases RBC production
Erythropoiesis requires:
- amino acids
- iron
- vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid
If GI tract can’t absorb vitamin B12 because stomach isn’t making enough intrinsic factor then low RBC production leading to ->
Pernicious anemia
Old and damaged RBCs end up in the:
liver, spleen, and bone marrow where they are engulfed by macrophages
Iron from old and damaged RBCs are recycled to:
Bone marrow for Hgb production
Heme groups are degraded in:
The liver to bilirubin
RBC measurements in male/female:
- Male: 4.6-6.3 million/mm3
- Female: 4.2-5.5 million/mm3
WBC measurements in male and female: (non differential)
4,500-10,000 cells/mm3
Elevated RBC or Hct would result in:
-polycythemia
Low RBC, Hgb, or Hct would result in:
Anemia
4 types of anemia:
- hemorrhagic
- hemolytic
- aplastic
- sickle cell
Hb concentration of blood measurements in males and females?
- Males: 14-18 g/dl
- Females: 12-16 g/dl
Hemorrhagic anemia:
Blood loss
Hemolytic anemia:
Excessive RBC destruction
Aplastic anemia:
Decrease in bone marrow function
Hematocrit fraction of blood that is composed of RBCs in females, males, and newborns:
- -Males: 45-53%
- Females: 36-48 %
- Newborns: 49-61%
Sick cell anemia:
Inherited Hgb mutation
3 types of polycythemia:
- Increase viscosity and BP with decrease in O2
- Cyanosis
- Blood clots
4 components of WBCs:
- diapedesis
- ameboid movement
- chemotaxis
- phagocytosis
Squeeze through capillary walls:
Diapedesis
Ameboid movement:
Move once they are in the bloodstream
Chemicals released from sites of damage or inflammation attract WBCs:
Chemotaxis
Ingests bacteria and debris:
Which type of WBCs:
Phagocytosis
neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes
Basophils: (2)
- releases histamine: dilates blood vessels
- releases heparin: prevents blood clotting
Neutrophils: (3)
- first to attack bacteria
- engulf and digest pathogens
- release prostaglandins and leukotrienes
Eosinophils: (4)
- attack large parasites
- removes toxins
- sensitive to allergens
- controls inflammation
Monocytes: (3)
- Enter tissues and become macrophages
- Engulf large particles and pathogens
- Secrete substances that attract immune system to injured area
Lymphocytes: (2)
- Go in and out of blood
- Found in connective tissue and lymphoid organs
3 WBC disorders:
- leukopenia: low WBC count
- leukocytosis: high WBC count
- leukemia: extremely high WBC count
Hemostasis requires what from diet:
Vitamin K and Ca2+
What is hemostasis:
Stoppage of bleediing
What are the 3 phases of hemostasis?
- vascular spasms
- platelet plug
- coagulation
3 steps of hemostasis:
- vasoconstriction: blood vessels contract to reduce blood flow
- platelets form plug over wound
- fibrin mesh that seals damaged vessels
Thrombus:
Clot formed in uninjured vessel
Pulmonary embolism:
Clot in lungs
Embolus:
Thrombus, broken loose, and moved
Coronary embolism:
Clot in coronary vessel
3 clotting disorders:
- Thrombocytopenia
- hemorrhage
- hemophilia
Genetic disease that effects clotting factor genes:
Hemophilia
Danger of low platelets that could lead to shock, which means there is inadequate blood flow to the major organs-> death:
Hemorrhage
Platelet deficiency, causes bone marrow disease and malaria:
Thrombocytopenia
Erythroblastosis fetalis:
Occurs when Rh- mom is pregnant with Rh+ fetus, and moms starts to produce Rh+ antibodies
Where does hemostasis occur?
In the small intestine (absorption)
Hemostasis needs ______ to pull Ca2+ in?
Vitamin D
Where is the site of production of clotting factors?
Liver
How long does blood clotting take?
6 minutes
Fibrinogen is ______ in water, turns into ______ which is ______ in water
soluble
fibrine
insoluble
What can cross the placenta? what CANNOT?
Antibodies can
Blood cells cannot
LEFT SHIFT
- increased affinity
- increase blood pH
- decrease CO2
- decrease temp
RIGHT SHIFT
- decreased affinity
- decrease blood pH
- increase CO2
- increase temp
Anemia=
decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Where do platelets come from?
Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
Coagulation steps:
- prothrombin activator released by damaged tissue
- PA converts prothrombin into thrombin
- thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
