LEC EXAM #2 CHP. 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Blood is composed of:
A
55% plasma + 45% formed elements
2
Q
What are formed elements?
A
- RBCs or erythrocytes (99%)
- WBCs or leukocytes (1%)
- Platelets or thrombocytes (1%)
3
Q
How do formed elements develop?
A
Via hematopoiesis
4
Q
Blood pH:
A
7.35-7.45
5
Q
What are 4 functions of blood functions?
A
- transportation
- regulates Ph
- defends against pathogens
- body temp
6
Q
What is the normal distribution value for neutrophils?
A
45-75%
7
Q
What is the normal distribution value for lymphocytes?
A
20-30%
8
Q
What is the normal distribution value for monocytes?
A
10%
9
Q
What is the normal distribution value for eosinophils?
A
2-5%
10
Q
What is the normal distribution value for basophils?
A
1%
11
Q
Plasma without the formed elements is:
A
Serum
12
Q
Plasma is: (%)
A
92% water
7% proteins
13
Q
Plasma proteins:
A
- Albumin
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
14
Q
What is hematopoiesis?
A
Stem cells in bone marrow give rise to formed elements
15
Q
Albumin:
A
- most abundant in plasma
- made in liver
- negatively charged
- create osmotic pressure
- keeps plasma conc. at .9%
16
Q
Globulins:
A
Transport proteins and lipoproteins
17
Q
Fibrinogen:
A
Blood clotting
18
Q
Functions of formed elements:
A
RBCs- transport oxygen
WBCs- immune system
Platelets- blood clotting
19
Q
Sickle cell anemia:
A
Defect in the heme form and form a sickle shaped RBC
20
Q
Where is Hgb produced?
A
In the bone marrow of long bones
21
Q
Hemoglobin is made of:
A
Four subunits, each contains a heme group + Fe that each bind to an O2 molecule, so four O2 molecules all together
22
Q
Fetal hemoglobin:
A
- Different form of hemoglobin than adults
- Higher affinity for oxygen then mom’s Hgb
23
Q
What is the Hbg saturation curve?
A
- Hgb subunits show positive cooperative binding
- One O2 bound causes another O2 to bind-> domino effect until all four molecules are bound
24
Q
The binding of O2 to hemoglobin occurs only when:
A
- pH high
- cold temp
- ow O2
- RBCs release CO2 (low CO2)
- red color: oxyhemoglobin
25
When does hemoglobin release O2?
- pH low (more acidic=more protons)
- high CO2
- Hgb releases O2 (low O2)
- high temp
- purple color: deoxyhemoglobin
26
RBCs do not have:
a nucleus
| mitochondria
27
As temp increases what happens to the affinity of Hgb?
| Where?
Decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen because Hgb likes to bind Co2 when warmer
28
As temp decreases what happens to the affinity of Hgb?
| Where?
Increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen because Hgb likes to bind O2 when colder
29
Increase in pH:
Hemoglobin wants to bind O2, release CO2
30
Where does the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin occur?
Pulmonary capillaries
31
What is the Bohr effect?
The effect pH has on hemoglobin's saturation curve because of the CO2
32
When there is excess CO2, we have:
Excess H+/protons-> more acidic
33
Decrease in pH:
Hemoglobin wants to bind CO2, release O2
34
Decrease in CO2:
causes LEFT shift (increased affinity) in oxyhemoglobin curve: decrease leads to an increase in pH.
35
Increase in CO2:
causes RIGHT shift (decreased affinity) in oxyhemoglobin curve: leads to a decrease in pH
36
When O2 is high:
- high pH in lungs (more basic)
| - Hgb bind O2 easier
37
When tissues produce excess CO2:
- low pH (more acidic)
| - Hgb releases O2 easier
38
Where does Hematopoiesis occur in fetuses?
Yolk sac, liver, and spleen
39
Where does Hematopoiesis occur in adults?
In myeloid tissue (red bone marrow)
40
If H+ binds to albumins:
doesn't change the pH
41
Excess protons are:
an acid
42
When does H+ shift pH?
Only when floating around
43
What is a buffer?
Maintains pH of whatever it is in
44
The liver is responsible for what during pregnancy?
Degrading of hemoglobin
45
What is it called when you don't completely break down RBCs and have excess bilirubin?
Jaundice
46
Hemoglobin prefers:
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide rather than O2
47
High temp:
Binds CO2
48
Low temp:
Bind O2
49
Hot acidic environment:
Tissues
50
Cold acidic environment:
Lungs
51
Erythropoietin=
Kidney hormone that increases RBC production
52
Erythropoiesis requires:
- amino acids
- iron
- vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid
53
If GI tract can't absorb vitamin B12 because stomach isn't making enough intrinsic factor then low RBC production leading to ->
Pernicious anemia
54
Old and damaged RBCs end up in the:
liver, spleen, and bone marrow where they are engulfed by macrophages
55
Iron from old and damaged RBCs are recycled to:
Bone marrow for Hgb production
56
Heme groups are degraded in:
The liver to bilirubin
57
RBC measurements in male/female:
- Male: 4.6-6.3 million/mm3
| - Female: 4.2-5.5 million/mm3
58
WBC measurements in male and female: (non differential)
4,500-10,000 cells/mm3
59
Elevated RBC or Hct would result in:
-polycythemia
60
Low RBC, Hgb, or Hct would result in:
Anemia
61
4 types of anemia:
- hemorrhagic
- hemolytic
- aplastic
- sickle cell
62
Hb concentration of blood measurements in males and females?
- Males: 14-18 g/dl
| - Females: 12-16 g/dl
63
Hemorrhagic anemia:
Blood loss
64
Hemolytic anemia:
Excessive RBC destruction
65
Aplastic anemia:
Decrease in bone marrow function
66
Hematocrit fraction of blood that is composed of RBCs in females, males, and newborns:
- -Males: 45-53%
- Females: 36-48 %
- Newborns: 49-61%
67
Sick cell anemia:
Inherited Hgb mutation
68
3 types of polycythemia:
- Increase viscosity and BP with decrease in O2
- Cyanosis
- Blood clots
69
4 components of WBCs:
- diapedesis
- ameboid movement
- chemotaxis
- phagocytosis
70
Squeeze through capillary walls:
Diapedesis
71
Ameboid movement:
Move once they are in the bloodstream
72
Chemicals released from sites of damage or inflammation attract WBCs:
Chemotaxis
73
Ingests bacteria and debris:
Which type of WBCs:
Phagocytosis
neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes
74
Basophils: (2)
- releases histamine: dilates blood vessels
| - releases heparin: prevents blood clotting
75
Neutrophils: (3)
- first to attack bacteria
- engulf and digest pathogens
- release prostaglandins and leukotrienes
76
Eosinophils: (4)
- attack large parasites
- removes toxins
- sensitive to allergens
- controls inflammation
77
Monocytes: (3)
- Enter tissues and become macrophages
- Engulf large particles and pathogens
- Secrete substances that attract immune system to injured area
78
Lymphocytes: (2)
- Go in and out of blood
| - Found in connective tissue and lymphoid organs
79
3 WBC disorders:
1. leukopenia: low WBC count
2. leukocytosis: high WBC count
3. leukemia: extremely high WBC count
80
Hemostasis requires what from diet:
Vitamin K and Ca2+
81
What is hemostasis:
Stoppage of bleediing
82
What are the 3 phases of hemostasis?
- vascular spasms
- platelet plug
- coagulation
83
3 steps of hemostasis:
1. vasoconstriction: blood vessels contract to reduce blood flow
2. platelets form plug over wound
3. fibrin mesh that seals damaged vessels
84
Thrombus:
Clot formed in uninjured vessel
85
Pulmonary embolism:
Clot in lungs
86
Embolus:
Thrombus, broken loose, and moved
87
Coronary embolism:
Clot in coronary vessel
88
3 clotting disorders:
- Thrombocytopenia
- hemorrhage
- hemophilia
89
Genetic disease that effects clotting factor genes:
Hemophilia
90
Danger of low platelets that could lead to shock, which means there is inadequate blood flow to the major organs-> death:
Hemorrhage
91
Platelet deficiency, causes bone marrow disease and malaria:
Thrombocytopenia
92
Erythroblastosis fetalis:
Occurs when Rh- mom is pregnant with Rh+ fetus, and moms starts to produce Rh+ antibodies
93
Where does hemostasis occur?
In the small intestine (absorption)
94
Hemostasis needs ______ to pull Ca2+ in?
Vitamin D
95
Where is the site of production of clotting factors?
Liver
96
How long does blood clotting take?
6 minutes
97
Fibrinogen is ______ in water, turns into ______ which is ______ in water
soluble
fibrine
insoluble
98
What can cross the placenta? what CANNOT?
Antibodies can
| Blood cells cannot
99
LEFT SHIFT
- increased affinity
- increase blood pH
- decrease CO2
- decrease temp
100
RIGHT SHIFT
- decreased affinity
- decrease blood pH
- increase CO2
- increase temp
101
Anemia=
decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
102
Where do platelets come from?
Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
103
Coagulation steps:
- prothrombin activator released by damaged tissue
- PA converts prothrombin into thrombin
- thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
