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BIOL 261 > LEC EXAM #2 CHP. 5 > Flashcards

LEC EXAM #2 CHP. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is composed of:

A

55% plasma + 45% formed elements

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2
Q

What are formed elements?

A
  • RBCs or erythrocytes (99%)
  • WBCs or leukocytes (1%)
  • Platelets or thrombocytes (1%)
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3
Q

How do formed elements develop?

A

Via hematopoiesis

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4
Q

Blood pH:

A

7.35-7.45

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5
Q

What are 4 functions of blood functions?

A
  • transportation
  • regulates Ph
  • defends against pathogens
  • body temp
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6
Q

What is the normal distribution value for neutrophils?

A

45-75%

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7
Q

What is the normal distribution value for lymphocytes?

A

20-30%

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8
Q

What is the normal distribution value for monocytes?

A

10%

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9
Q

What is the normal distribution value for eosinophils?

A

2-5%

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10
Q

What is the normal distribution value for basophils?

A

1%

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11
Q

Plasma without the formed elements is:

A

Serum

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12
Q

Plasma is: (%)

A

92% water

7% proteins

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13
Q

Plasma proteins:

A
  • Albumin
  • Globulins
  • Fibrinogen
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14
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Stem cells in bone marrow give rise to formed elements

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15
Q

Albumin:

A
  • most abundant in plasma
  • made in liver
  • negatively charged
  • create osmotic pressure
  • keeps plasma conc. at .9%
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16
Q

Globulins:

A

Transport proteins and lipoproteins

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17
Q

Fibrinogen:

A

Blood clotting

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18
Q

Functions of formed elements:

A

RBCs- transport oxygen
WBCs- immune system
Platelets- blood clotting

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19
Q

Sickle cell anemia:

A

Defect in the heme form and form a sickle shaped RBC

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20
Q

Where is Hgb produced?

A

In the bone marrow of long bones

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21
Q

Hemoglobin is made of:

A

Four subunits, each contains a heme group + Fe that each bind to an O2 molecule, so four O2 molecules all together

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22
Q

Fetal hemoglobin:

A
  • Different form of hemoglobin than adults

- Higher affinity for oxygen then mom’s Hgb

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23
Q

What is the Hbg saturation curve?

A
  • Hgb subunits show positive cooperative binding

- One O2 bound causes another O2 to bind-> domino effect until all four molecules are bound

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24
Q

The binding of O2 to hemoglobin occurs only when:

A
  • pH high
  • cold temp
  • ow O2
  • RBCs release CO2 (low CO2)
  • red color: oxyhemoglobin
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25
Q

When does hemoglobin release O2?

A
  • pH low (more acidic=more protons)
  • high CO2
  • Hgb releases O2 (low O2)
  • high temp
  • purple color: deoxyhemoglobin
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26
Q

RBCs do not have:

A

a nucleus

mitochondria

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27
Q

As temp increases what happens to the affinity of Hgb?

Where?

A

Decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen because Hgb likes to bind Co2 when warmer

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28
Q

As temp decreases what happens to the affinity of Hgb?

Where?

A

Increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen because Hgb likes to bind O2 when colder

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29
Q

Increase in pH:

A

Hemoglobin wants to bind O2, release CO2

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30
Q

Where does the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin occur?

A

Pulmonary capillaries

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31
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

The effect pH has on hemoglobin’s saturation curve because of the CO2

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32
Q

When there is excess CO2, we have:

A

Excess H+/protons-> more acidic

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33
Q

Decrease in pH:

A

Hemoglobin wants to bind CO2, release O2

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34
Q

Decrease in CO2:

A

causes LEFT shift (increased affinity) in oxyhemoglobin curve: decrease leads to an increase in pH.

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35
Q

Increase in CO2:

A

causes RIGHT shift (decreased affinity) in oxyhemoglobin curve: leads to a decrease in pH

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36
Q

When O2 is high:

A
  • high pH in lungs (more basic)

- Hgb bind O2 easier

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37
Q

When tissues produce excess CO2:

A
  • low pH (more acidic)

- Hgb releases O2 easier

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38
Q

Where does Hematopoiesis occur in fetuses?

A

Yolk sac, liver, and spleen

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39
Q

Where does Hematopoiesis occur in adults?

A

In myeloid tissue (red bone marrow)

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40
Q

If H+ binds to albumins:

A

doesn’t change the pH

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41
Q

Excess protons are:

A

an acid

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42
Q

When does H+ shift pH?

A

Only when floating around

43
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Maintains pH of whatever it is in

44
Q

The liver is responsible for what during pregnancy?

A

Degrading of hemoglobin

45
Q

What is it called when you don’t completely break down RBCs and have excess bilirubin?

A

Jaundice

46
Q

Hemoglobin prefers:

A

Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide rather than O2

47
Q

High temp:

A

Binds CO2

48
Q

Low temp:

A

Bind O2

49
Q

Hot acidic environment:

A

Tissues

50
Q

Cold acidic environment:

A

Lungs

51
Q

Erythropoietin=

A

Kidney hormone that increases RBC production

52
Q

Erythropoiesis requires:

A
  • amino acids
  • iron
  • vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid
53
Q

If GI tract can’t absorb vitamin B12 because stomach isn’t making enough intrinsic factor then low RBC production leading to ->

A

Pernicious anemia

54
Q

Old and damaged RBCs end up in the:

A

liver, spleen, and bone marrow where they are engulfed by macrophages

55
Q

Iron from old and damaged RBCs are recycled to:

A

Bone marrow for Hgb production

56
Q

Heme groups are degraded in:

A

The liver to bilirubin

57
Q

RBC measurements in male/female:

A
  • Male: 4.6-6.3 million/mm3

- Female: 4.2-5.5 million/mm3

58
Q

WBC measurements in male and female: (non differential)

A

4,500-10,000 cells/mm3

59
Q

Elevated RBC or Hct would result in:

A

-polycythemia

60
Q

Low RBC, Hgb, or Hct would result in:

A

Anemia

61
Q

4 types of anemia:

A
  • hemorrhagic
  • hemolytic
  • aplastic
  • sickle cell
62
Q

Hb concentration of blood measurements in males and females?

A
  • Males: 14-18 g/dl

- Females: 12-16 g/dl

63
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia:

A

Blood loss

64
Q

Hemolytic anemia:

A

Excessive RBC destruction

65
Q

Aplastic anemia:

A

Decrease in bone marrow function

66
Q

Hematocrit fraction of blood that is composed of RBCs in females, males, and newborns:

A
  • -Males: 45-53%
  • Females: 36-48 %
  • Newborns: 49-61%
67
Q

Sick cell anemia:

A

Inherited Hgb mutation

68
Q

3 types of polycythemia:

A
  • Increase viscosity and BP with decrease in O2
  • Cyanosis
  • Blood clots
69
Q

4 components of WBCs:

A
  • diapedesis
  • ameboid movement
  • chemotaxis
  • phagocytosis
70
Q

Squeeze through capillary walls:

A

Diapedesis

71
Q

Ameboid movement:

A

Move once they are in the bloodstream

72
Q

Chemicals released from sites of damage or inflammation attract WBCs:

A

Chemotaxis

73
Q

Ingests bacteria and debris:

Which type of WBCs:

A

Phagocytosis

neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes

74
Q

Basophils: (2)

A
  • releases histamine: dilates blood vessels

- releases heparin: prevents blood clotting

75
Q

Neutrophils: (3)

A
  • first to attack bacteria
  • engulf and digest pathogens
  • release prostaglandins and leukotrienes
76
Q

Eosinophils: (4)

A
  • attack large parasites
  • removes toxins
  • sensitive to allergens
  • controls inflammation
77
Q

Monocytes: (3)

A
  • Enter tissues and become macrophages
  • Engulf large particles and pathogens
  • Secrete substances that attract immune system to injured area
78
Q

Lymphocytes: (2)

A
  • Go in and out of blood

- Found in connective tissue and lymphoid organs

79
Q

3 WBC disorders:

A
  1. leukopenia: low WBC count
  2. leukocytosis: high WBC count
  3. leukemia: extremely high WBC count
80
Q

Hemostasis requires what from diet:

A

Vitamin K and Ca2+

81
Q

What is hemostasis:

A

Stoppage of bleediing

82
Q

What are the 3 phases of hemostasis?

A
  • vascular spasms
  • platelet plug
  • coagulation
83
Q

3 steps of hemostasis:

A
  1. vasoconstriction: blood vessels contract to reduce blood flow
  2. platelets form plug over wound
  3. fibrin mesh that seals damaged vessels
84
Q

Thrombus:

A

Clot formed in uninjured vessel

85
Q

Pulmonary embolism:

A

Clot in lungs

86
Q

Embolus:

A

Thrombus, broken loose, and moved

87
Q

Coronary embolism:

A

Clot in coronary vessel

88
Q

3 clotting disorders:

A
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • hemorrhage
  • hemophilia
89
Q

Genetic disease that effects clotting factor genes:

A

Hemophilia

90
Q

Danger of low platelets that could lead to shock, which means there is inadequate blood flow to the major organs-> death:

A

Hemorrhage

91
Q

Platelet deficiency, causes bone marrow disease and malaria:

A

Thrombocytopenia

92
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis:

A

Occurs when Rh- mom is pregnant with Rh+ fetus, and moms starts to produce Rh+ antibodies

93
Q

Where does hemostasis occur?

A

In the small intestine (absorption)

94
Q

Hemostasis needs ______ to pull Ca2+ in?

A

Vitamin D

95
Q

Where is the site of production of clotting factors?

A

Liver

96
Q

How long does blood clotting take?

A

6 minutes

97
Q

Fibrinogen is ______ in water, turns into ______ which is ______ in water

A

soluble
fibrine
insoluble

98
Q

What can cross the placenta? what CANNOT?

A

Antibodies can

Blood cells cannot

99
Q

LEFT SHIFT

A
  • increased affinity
  • increase blood pH
  • decrease CO2
  • decrease temp
100
Q

RIGHT SHIFT

A
  • decreased affinity
  • decrease blood pH
  • increase CO2
  • increase temp
101
Q

Anemia=

A

decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood

102
Q

Where do platelets come from?

A

Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

103
Q

Coagulation steps:

A
  • prothrombin activator released by damaged tissue
  • PA converts prothrombin into thrombin
  • thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin

BIOL 261 (21 decks)

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