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BIOL 261 > BIOL 261 FINAL CHP 15 > Flashcards

BIOL 261 FINAL CHP 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized from:

A

Cholesterol

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2
Q

Steroid hormone action:

A
  1. hormone enters cell and binds to receptor
  2. hormone/receptor complex enters nucleus and binds to DNA
  3. protein synthesis occurs
  4. protein alters cell function
  5. testosterone increasing sperm production
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3
Q

Function of hypothalamus:

A

Communicates with anterior pituitary via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal vein

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4
Q

Function of anterior pituitary:

A
  • releases 6 hormones into blood (FLAT PG)

- under hypothalamus rule via vein

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5
Q

Function of thyroid gland:

A
  • regulates basal metabolic rate via thyroxine

- regulates blood Ca with the parathyroid gland by releasing calcitonin when blood Ca levels are high

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6
Q

Function of parathyroid gland:

A

Releases PTH when low blood Ca

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7
Q

Function of adrenal cortex:

A

Secretes aldosterone to regulate blood volume

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8
Q

Non-steroid hormone action:

A
  1. hormone does NOT enter cell
  2. hormone is 1st messenger; binds to receptor on cell membrane
  3. triggers formation of 2nd messenger (cyclic AMP) that alters cellular activities
  4. pituitary hormones
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9
Q

Function of posterior pituitary:

A
  • releases 2 hormones into blood

- communicates with hypothalamus via nerve axons

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10
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus release?

A

Releasing hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary

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11
Q

How does the thyroid and parathyroid gland work together to regulate blood Ca?

A
  • thyroid gland releases calcitonin when high blood Ca

- parathyroid gland releases PTH when low blood Ca

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12
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Aldosterone when blood volume is low

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13
Q

What does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Cortisol when under stress

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14
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

Androgens (sex hormones)

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15
Q

Zones of adrenal gland from innermost to outermost?

A

Zona Reticularis
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Glomerulosa

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16
Q

Cushing’s syndrome:

A
  • high glucocorticoid levels caused by adrenal or pituitary disease or excess glucocorticoid drugs
  • store fat in cells (face and midsection) that only respond to high levels of insulin
17
Q

Hypothyroidism effects:

A
  • weight gain
  • lethargy
  • depression
18
Q

Hyperthyroidism effects:

A
  • hyperactivity
  • insomnia
  • eyeballs bulge
  • goiter in through forms
19
Q

Steroid hormones are:

A

Fat soluble which means they can go right into the cell

20
Q

Nonsteroidal hormones are:

A

Water soluble which means they cannot go into the cell, they stay outside the cell
-cant diffuse through lipid layer

21
Q

Hormone that breaks down glycogen in the liver to glucose:

A

Glucagon

22
Q

If your cold, how does the hypothalamus communicate with the thyroid gland:

A

-releases thyroid releasing hormone to anterior pituitary which will release TSH-> target is thyroid-> releases T3 and T4-> causes metabolism to increase

23
Q

Function of adrenal medulla:

A
  • CNS synapses directly with adrenal medulla

- releases epi and nor epi

24
Q

Blood glucose negative homeostatic feedback loop:

A

Stimulus: Increase in glucose
Sensor/integrator: Beta Cells in Islets of Langerhans
-Releases insulin-
Effector: Body cells, liver, adipocytes
Response: Liver stores glucose as glycogen. Adipocytes store glucose as fat.
Result: Decrease in glucose.

25
Q

How does ADH regulate blood osmolarity and blood pressure?

A
  • released into blood when blood osmolarity is high

- increase in aquaporins, increase in H20 reabsorb, increase in blood pressure

26
Q

How does DM type 1 effect blood glucose?

A

Beta cells of pancreas are destroyed and cannot produce insulin-> high blood glucose level

27
Q

Blood glucose positive homeostatic feedback loop:

A

Stimulus: Decrease in blood glucose
Sensor/integrator: Alpha cells of Islet of Langerhans
-release glucagon-
Effector: liver + skeletal muscle
Response: Liver converts glucagon-> glycogen->glucose
Result: Increase in blood glucose

28
Q

How does DM type 2 effect blood glucose?

A

Resistance to insulin (liver and skeletal muscle cells don’t respond to insulin)

29
Q

How do ACE inhibitors work?

A

Prevent conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

30
Q

Effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on blood volume and blood pressure:
(blood volume feedback loop)

A 
Stimulus: Decrease in BV and BP
Sensor/integrator: juxtaglomerular cells of nephron-> renin->angiotensinogen->angiotensin 1->reacts with ACE to make angiotensin 2 causing vasoconstriction (increasing BV) + thirst 
Effector: DCT
Response: Reabsorption of Na/H20 follows
Result: Increase in BV and BP

BIOL 261 (21 decks)

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