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Bio 208 > Lec 9- autotrophs > Flashcards

Lec 9- autotrophs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

trophic/trophy/troph

A

having to do with food nourishment

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2
Q

autotrophy

A

own complex carbs for nourishment from inorganic C-sources
- photosynthesis (light)
- chemosynthesis (oxidation)

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3
Q

heterotrophy

A

organic sources of C synthesized by others to derive energy

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4
Q

How diverse are trophics in organismal groups?

A
  • strategies evolved independently
    Prokaryotes- most diverse
    Fungi/animals- heterotrophs only
    Plants- mostly photosynthesizers
    Chemosynthesizers- only prokaryotes
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5
Q

photosynthesis

A

converts co2 to complex sugars
derives energy from light -triggers rxns

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6
Q

chemosynthesis

A

converts co2 (or CH4) to complex sugars
derives energy from oxidation
- has rxn similar to photosynthesis

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7
Q

What is light?

A

electromagnetic radiation

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8
Q

what is wave-particle duality?

A

radiation behaves as a wave and particle (photon)

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9
Q

how can electromagnetic radiation be described as?

A

wavelength and photon energy

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10
Q

infrared and radio waves

A

too little energy for photosynthesis

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11
Q

UV, x-ray, gamma

A

too much energy for photosynthesis
- harmful to cellular structure

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12
Q

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

A
  • quantity and quality of light influences photosynthesis rates
  • how much PAR plants receive is is visible
  • influenced by many factors: latitude, clouds, landscape, position of plant w/in terrestrial vegetation, aquatic
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13
Q

Light Partitioning in Forests

A

many: adapted to high and low PAR
one: adapted to moderate PAR availability
shrubs: adapted to low PAR availability

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14
Q

how does water depth affect amount of light?

A

PAR modified in quantity and quality as light passes through water column of aquatic sys
- PAR decreases and changes in spectrum representation

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15
Q

red light

A

absorbed by autotrophs near surface
- green emitted by organisms
- no red light reaches the deep layers

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16
Q

blue light

A

reaches deep layers
- autotrophs adapted to use PAR in blue range
absorbed by autotrophs at great depths
- red light emitted

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17
Q

deep water algae

A

deep water algae appear red b/c chlorophyll absorbs blue and green light
reflects red

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18
Q

sunlight (euphotic) zone

A

sunlight penetrates beyond this zone

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19
Q

twilight (dysphotic) zone

A

sunlight decreases rapidly with depth
photosynthesis is not possible here
- chemosynthesis

20
Q

midnight (aphotic) zone

A

sunlight does not penetrate
- bathed in darkness

21
Q

PAR in aquatic systems

A
  • penetrate only 100-200m
    changes in quality and quantity with depth
22
Q

photosynthetic response curves

A

energy limitation in plants
- as photon flux density increases then NPR increases but to a point
Lsat - irradiance at saturation
Pmax- max net photosynthesis
LCP- light compensation point, light intensity at which photosynthesis = respiration
- if more light is available, plant produces more sugars than it uses

23
Q

seedlings growth in open

A

higher Pmax and Lsat

24
Q

seedlings growth in shade

A

lower Pmax and Lsat

25
Q

Sun plants- adaptations

A

achieve higher Pmax
inefficient in using PPFD

26
Q

Shade plants- adaptations

A

achieve small Pmax
more efficient at using low PPFD
low Lsat = damaged by sunny sites

27
Q

Photosynthesis eqn

A

6 co2 + 6 h2o = c6h12o6 + 6 o2

28
Q

carbon- photosynthesis

A

enters through stomata in leaves through diffusion

29
Q

water- photosynthesis

A

enters through water transportation

30
Q

glucose- photosynthesis

A

carbs used to gain energy via resp
- respiration

31
Q

oxygen- photosynthesis

A

byproduct is essential for other organisms

32
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A
  • no anatomic/time separation of processes
  • initial C fixation: mesophyll (day)
  • Calvin cycle: mesophyll (day)
33
Q

C4 photosynthesis

A

anatomic separation of processes
- initial C fixation: mesophyll (day)
- Calvin cycle: bundle sheath cells (day)

34
Q

CAM photosythesis

A

time separation of processes
- initial C fixation: mesophyll (night)
- Calvin cycle: mesophyll (day)

35
Q

C3 photosynthesis process

A
  1. light rxn photon
    - mesophyll rich in chloroplasts
    - creates ATP and NADPH
  2. Calvin cycle
    RuBP+ RUBISCO + CO2 = C3 acid (PGA) and NADPH and ATP to sugars and starch
36
Q

Problems in hot climates with C3 (3)

A

rubisco = inefficient at high temps
open stomata = wastes water
closed stomata - o2 increases, photosynthesis suppressed

37
Q

adaptations for C4 photosynthesis during hot climates

A

o2 accumulates in mesophyll
calvin cycle in bundle sheath - keep stomata closed
water efficient

38
Q

adaptations for CAM photosynthesis during hot climates

A
  • separates timing of process
    night- open stomata and fix
    C to C4 - day: close stomata and complete C-fixation
39
Q

C4 photosynthesis process

A

2 step
- light rxn: o2 production
co2 fixation to C4 acid
PEP + CO2 = C4
C4 to CO2 and rubisco to PGA to sugars and starch to RuBP

40
Q

C4 strategy

A

most prominent: Corn
wild-growing C4 in AB esp in prairies
3% of vascular plants

41
Q

Why are there so few native C4 plants in Edmonton?

A

C4 pathway: more water efficient but water is not such a limiting factor as in hot climates further south

C3 pathway: more energy efficient than C4 pathway - evolutionary advantage

42
Q

CAM photosynthesis process

A

crassulacean acid metabolism
- 2 steps
- day: light rxn and Calvin cycle

43
Q

Convergent evolution

A

distantly related organism independently evolve similar traits to adapt
C4 and CAM photosynthesis evolved convergently

44
Q

chemosynthesis

A

do not depend on light
energy from oxidizing chemicals
- hydrothermal vent fissure in seafloor that releases H2S and heat
occupy region on planet that light does not reach- deep ocean floors and caves
bacteria support a rich life- primary producers of ecosystem
symbionts of a giant tube worms

45
Q

Chemosynthesis eqn

A

2H2S + O2 = 2S + 2H2O + energy (from oxidation)
- hydrogen sulfide bonds rich in energy
- elemental sulfur
- used to bind C and produce carbs

46
Q

chemolithoautotrophs

A

derive energy from oxidizing compounds of inorganic origin
- H2S, Fe2+, NH3, NH4+
- bacteria and archaea

47
Q

chemoorganoautotrophs

A

derive energy from oxidizing compounds of organic origin
- CH4
- bacteria and archaea

Bio 208 (23 decks)

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