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Bio 208 > Lec 14- Populations > Flashcards

Lec 14- Populations Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

population

A

individuals of same species that co-occur in space and time

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2
Q

patterns and processes (4)

A

disease ecology: spread and changes
invasion: spread of new species (invasive)
conservation biology: extinction risk in species (most important)
restoration: intro of species

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3
Q

density

A

of individuals per unit area

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4
Q

distribution

A

size, shape, location of area occupied

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5
Q

absolute density

A

number of individuals of population per unit area (# moose per hectare)

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6
Q

ecological density

A

of individuals of population per unit area of suitable habitat (# moose per hectare forest) (specific habitat)

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7
Q

dispersal

A

permanent movement of individuals (propagules) from one population to another
- alter species distributions and local population densities

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8
Q

migration

A

seasonal movement of individuals from one location to another

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9
Q

seed dispersal modes (6)

A

gravity
ballistic
wind
water
animals
humans

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10
Q

gravity dispersal

A

large seed size
short dispersal distances

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11
Q

ballistic dispersal

A

explosive dispersal
short dispersal distances

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12
Q

wind dispersal

A

seeds with appendages
short to long dispersal distances

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13
Q

water dispersal

A

seeds with floating
capabilities short to long dispersal distances

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14
Q

animals dispersal

A

ingestion or defecation or hooks
short to long distances

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15
Q

humans dispersal

A

breeding and transportation
short to long distances

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16
Q

dispersal (2)

A

immigration: movement into a local population
emigration: movement out of a local population

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17
Q

does density change in response to food supply?

A

yes

18
Q

functional response

A

increase and decrease in feeding rate (short-term response)

19
Q

numerical response

A

change in density of predator populations in response to changes in prey density

20
Q

what are the 2 drivers of numerical responses?

A

reproduction
dispersal (aggregative response)

21
Q

reproduction

A

time lag b/w peak prey population and peak predator population
- non-synchronized dynamics b/w predator and prey
- lag due to time needed for predators to produce offspring
- wolves

22
Q

dispersal (aggregative response)

A

no time lag b/w peak prey population and peak predator population
- synchronized predator and prey dynamics
- no time lag as species are highly mobile and can track prey across landscape
- birds of prey

23
Q

voles vs kestrels/owls

A

if responses were structured by repro then there would be a lag
- driven by dispersal so no lag

24
Q

distribution

A
  • geographic distribution of species as limited by physical enviro and species niche requirements
  • species can only exist in areas where niche requirements are fulfilled
25
Q

smaller scale distribution

A

individuals of pop are distributed in random, reg or clumped
- result of abiotic or biotic environment

26
Q

random distribution

A

individuals have equal chance of living anywhere within area
- neutral interaction b/w individuals and b/w individuals and local environment
- uniform distribution of resources

27
Q

regular/even

A

individuals are uniformly spaces
- antagonistic interactions b/w individuals or local depletion of resources
- uniform distribution of resources

28
Q

clumped

A

individuals have higher probability of being in some areas vs others
- attraction b/w individuals or to a common resource; limited dispersal
- positive interactions (attraction)
- patchy resources

29
Q

larger scales

A

area over which there is substantial environmental change
- clumped species
- the broader the niche. the wider a species large-scale distributions usually is
- hotspots
- American and Fish crow

30
Q

why aren’t all species in all places?

A
  • limited energy and resources
  • takes extra energy to survive/reproduce in regions at edge of niche
31
Q

how does climate shape species distribution?

A

E vs W grey kangaroo vs red kangaroo

32
Q

eastern grey kangaroo

A

habitat niche encompasses tropical forests

33
Q

western grey kangaroo

A

temperate woodland and shrubland type (most rain in winter)

34
Q

red kangaroo

A

savanna and desert species adapted to hot, dry, arid and semi-arid conditions

35
Q

range expansion in response to climate change

A

maple trees disperse faster and colonized larger area due to broader climate niche

36
Q

range expansion in invasive species

A

Africanized honeybee
- hybrid
- aggressive
- efficient foragers
- create larger colonies b/c excess food
- form massive swarms

37
Q

dispersal of expanding population (honeybees)

A

no populations of bc of dispersal lag or unfavorable climate
- too cold for now (climate change)

38
Q

dispersal lag

A

phenomenon where species has not had enough time to colonize area (will occur eventually)

39
Q

range expansion in pest species

A

mountain pine beetle
- lay eggs under bark
- introduce blue-stain fungi
- larval feeding and fungal infection stop water and nutrient flow
- dispersal will allow species ranges to move along with climate but only if climate slows enough for them to keep up

40
Q

mountain pine beetle dispersal

A

spreading to AB
- northern limit of beetle: cold winter temp and cool summers
- recent outbreaks linked to favorable weather in both summer and winter
- warm + dry summer = good for development and dispersal and drought stress reduces tree defenses

41
Q

metapopulations

A

made up of group of subpopulations living in patches of habitat connected by exchange of individuals
- exist when individuals can disperse from one pop to another
- no dispersal b/w populations then not a metapopulation

42
Q

rocky mountain parnassian butterfly

A

very specific set of niche requirements distributed as patches
- patches appear to form metapopulation
mark and recapture survey:
- pop size correlated with meadow size
- individuals immigrating from smaller population and moving into larger ones
- global warming could lead to forest encroachment and shrink habitat
- pop will likely decline

Bio 208 (23 decks)

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