Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 208 > Lec 7- temp constraints > Flashcards

Lec 7- temp constraints Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

limiting factors

A

environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance and distribution of organisms
- have physiological stress at niche margins along a limiting factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

optimum range

A

preferred niche
- middle of bell curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tolerance range

A

zone of physiological stress
on L and R side of optimum
- marginal niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

stress

A

zone of intolerance
unavailable niche
too cold or hot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Law of tolerance

A

Shelford
- species have optimal survival conditions w/in environmental thresholds
- beyond range, rates of survival decreases - bell-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

range of tolerance

A

species general performance along environmental gradient
1. reproduction in center
2. growth but no repro on L and R of 1
3. survival but no growth on L and R of 2
4. mortality on L and R side of 3

range is up to 3
- fundamental niche, any performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

macroclimate

A

large-scale climate patterns that prevail over entire regions
- determined by atmospheric cells and topography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

microclimate

A

small-scale, localized climate patterns
- can deviate from macroclimate patterns
- determined by landscape, vegetation or small-scale topography
- not daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

landscape influence microclimate- elevation

A
  • timberline reflects shift in microclimate with increasing elevation
  • mean annual temp decreases but trees needs minimum temp for minimum number of days per year to grow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

landscape influence microclimate-aspect

A

N
- slopes exposed to north receive less solar radiation, higher snow loads = more water
- water availability sufficient for a forest to grow

S
- slopes exposed to south receive more solar radiation, lower snow loads = less water
- water availability too low for a forest to grow
- grasses and shrubs prevail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

landscape influence microclimate-vegetation

A

by casting shade- trees and shrubs influence microclimate
- understory- cool temps and evaporation decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

landscape influence microclimate- surface color

A

light: reflect light so that surface and surrounding do not increase in temp
dark: absorb light so surface and surroundings increase in temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

albedo

A

reflectivity of landscape
- how much light is reflected and does not get absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

high albedo

A
  • more reflected (80%)
  • light coloured
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

low albedo

A
  • less reflected (10%)
  • dark coloured
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

landscape influence microclimate- boulders and burrows

A

some adapted to live under rocks or underground in burrows
- burrows and rocks create shade and allow inhabiting animals avoids heat during day so hunt at night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

temp in aquatic environments

A

water temp fluctuate much less than air temp on land
- temp fluctuate b/w -4 to 32

18
Q

why is water temp stable?

A
  • water has high capacity to absorb heat energy w/o changing temp air
  • heat absorbed by water as it evaporates
  • water gives up heat energy as it freezes
  • physical properties
    3000x capacity than air w/o changing temp
19
Q

why so stable?

A

more heat you supply the higher the water temp
2 step curve

20
Q

latent heat of fusion

A

temp remains constant as solids turning to liquid

21
Q

latent heat of vaporization

A

temp remains constant as liquid turns to gas

22
Q

thawing and vaporization

A
  • energy absorbed as heat is supplied
    leads to intermittent, stable temps along a heat gradient
23
Q

range of tolerance and performance

A
  • temp is limiting factor of photosynthesis
  • ## diff plants species show diff range of tolerance and optima in photosynthetic rate along temp gradient
24
Q

principle of allocation

A
  • amount of energy available to each organism is limited
  • when energy is allocated to one fxn, it reduces the energy available for other fxn
  • allocation is balancing COSTS vs BENEFITS
  • growth, reproduction, activity and maintenance
25
Q

evolutionary tradeoffs

A

adapting to one set of environmental conditions generally reduce fitness in other environments
- success in reproduction

26
Q

death

A

avoid extreme temp by maximizing repro
- annual plants: survive extreme temp by going to seed
- insects: lay eggs to survive the winter

27
Q

migration

A

avoiding extreme temp by migrating to distant regions
- strategy of migration was evolutionary successful b/c advantages of migration outweighed the costs of migrating

28
Q

acclimatization

A

acclimation
- physiological and morphological changes in response to changes in environment
- adjustment of lowlanders to high altitudes

29
Q

diff b/w acclimatization and adaptation

A

acclimatization: physiological and/or morphological changes in response to changes in environment
- reversable as conditions change

adaptation: evolutionary process that changes anatomy, physiology, behavior on a genetic level
- not reversible
- Tibet

30
Q

adaptations to extreme temp

A
  • prolonged state of metabolic activity
  • hibernation vs estivation
  • freeze tolerance and thick fur, fat and short body appendages (polar bear(
31
Q

heat balance eqn

A

Hs = Hm+/-Hcd+/-Hcv+/-Hr-He
organisms can either gain or lose body heat through 5 processes
stored, metabolic, conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation

32
Q

heat balance in plants- cold

A

adapt to cold temps
- dark colored leaves
- cushion growth forms
- leaf and flower orientation
- smaller surface-area ration
- increase heat gain from Hr and Hcd
- decrease heat loss from Hcv

33
Q

heat balance in plants-hot

A
  • decrease contact w ground
  • open growth form
  • reduced leaves
  • light surfaces
  • increase heat loss from Hcv
  • decrease heat gain from Hcd and Hr
34
Q

Poikilotherms

A

body temp varies w temp

35
Q

homeotherms

A

body temp relatively constant regardless of enviro

36
Q

ectotherms

A

control body temp using external energy
- plants, fish, amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates
+/-Hcd+/-Hcv+/-Hr

37
Q

endotherms

A

control body temp using internal energy
- use energy from metabolism
Hm
- change rate of metabolism based on the changes in temperature

38
Q

snakes and lizards

A

dependent on external sources of heat
diversity of ectotherms and endotherms with cold climate is low

39
Q

why be endothermic?

A

cold: shivering generate heat
hot: sweating or panting increases convective cooling
- allows organisms to live in environments in which avg temp lower than their body temp

40
Q

How does temp regulation work in animals?

A

continuum

Bio 208 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions