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Bio 208 > Lec 12- mating > Flashcards

Lec 12- mating Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 2 kinds of repro in organisms?

A

asexual
sexual

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2
Q

asexual repro (4)

A

binary fission
fragmentation
parthenogenesis
runners
- prokaryotes and eukaryotes (plants and animals)

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3
Q

sexual

A

combo of gametes
- eukaryotes

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4
Q

why is mate choice important?

A

sexual selection caused by: mate choice by one sex and/or competition for mates among individuals of same sex causes selection of certain traits
- non-random mating
- sexual display

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5
Q

how to make sense of social interaction related to sexual repro?

A
  • identify sex types
  • describe mating sys or social sexual structure of a pop
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6
Q

sex types (3)

A

male
female
hermaphrodites

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7
Q

single sex

A

individuals have one repro function
- M and F
M = smaller gametes
F = larger gametes

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8
Q

hermaphrodites

A

individuals have more than one repro fxn

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9
Q

instantaneous hermaphrodites

A

can perform M or F functions at the same time
- born w ability

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10
Q

sequential hermaphrodites

A

can change sex over time
- changes over lifetime

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11
Q

protandrous hermaphrodites

A

M can change to F if previous breeding F is removed
- clownfish

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12
Q

protogynous hermaphrodites

A

largest F can change to M if previous breeding M is removed
- Indo-Pacific cleaner wrasse

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13
Q

what kind of sex type are plants?

A

75% are hermaphroditic
- M and F repro parts
- flowers M and F = “perfect flowers”
- multiple M but 1 female

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14
Q

monogamy

A

one M and one F in exclusive relationship at least for period of time
- during mating season or while caring for the young
- Emperor penguins

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15
Q

genetic monogamy

A

parents raise their genetic offspring (full fidelity)

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16
Q

social monogamy

A

parents raise offspring but fidelity might not be fully present
- 90% passerine species: M raises eggs that might not be his genetic offspring

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17
Q

why did monogamy evolve?

A
  • anisogamy: F more selective since gametes are larger and energetically more costly
  • partners are rare or have wide territories
  • parental care: higher fitness of offspring
18
Q

promiscuity

A

several sexual partners

19
Q

polygyny

A

1 male with multiple females
- elephant seals

20
Q

polyandry

A

1 female, multiple males
- marmosets

21
Q

polygynandry

A

multiple males and females
- chimps

22
Q

Indian peafowl

A

M spread out their feathers
- fitness advantage
- visible to predators

23
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

characteristics M and F not directly involved in repro
- morphological
- behaviors
- sexual selection

24
Q

sexually dimorphic species

A

species that display diff secondary sexual characteristics b/w sexes
- moose
- mandrill
- indian peafowl
- human

25
Q

sexual selection

A

differences in reproductive rates among individuals as a result of differences in mating success
- intra vs intersexual

26
Q

intersexual selection

A
  • selection for traits that increases the chances to be chosen by opp sex
  • pronounced colors in tail feathers in Indian peafowl
  • singing as an acoustic ornament in european robin
27
Q

intrasexual selection

A
  • selection for traits that confer advantage during competition among same sex for access to mate
  • antler size in red deer (M)
  • pronounced horns in dung beetles (F)
28
Q

mate choice and sexual selection

A

experiments used to understand whether a secondary sexual characteristic evolved through intra- and intersexual selection

Andersson
- length of tail feathers
- longer = higher mating success
- did not play a role in defending territory
Tail feather length evolved through intersexual rather than intrasexual selection

29
Q

limits of evolution of armors and attractive displays

A

increased mortality during fights
high allocation of resources at expense of other life function
increased predation risk
habitat compatibility

30
Q

guppies

A

tradeoff b/w predation pressure and one hand sexual selection driven by female mating choice on other
- female guppies less colorful than male
- mate with more brightly colored males

31
Q

high predation treatment- guppies

A

strong predator

32
Q

low predation treatment-guppies

A

weak predator

33
Q

no predation treatment-guppies

A

control without predator

34
Q

Endler experiment on guppies

A

spots per male body are under intersexual and natural selection (predation pressure)
- 14 months
- reproduce and form several new gen
- low predation and no predation tanks had more spots per male than high predation tank
- from high predation setting were transplanted into low predation setting
- several gen, low predation setting = increase in number of spots on male body

35
Q

wild radish flowers

A

both male and female parts
no self-pollination (insects help)

36
Q

Marshall’s experiment

A

non-random mating
- pistils of diff individuals were cross-pollinated with six diff pollen donors
- one donor showed increased number of sired seeds
- number of seeds in top half of fruit

37
Q

what drives non-random mating in plants?

A
  • competition b/w pollen from diff donor in responsible for non-random mating
  • interference competition
  • interaction b/w pollen inhibits pollen germination (intra-)
38
Q

sexual conflict

A

asymmetry b/w sexes in potentially evolutionary benefits and costs of any particular mating event

  • expensive F, inexpensive M
  • decreased foraging efficiency
  • increased predation risk in F while carrying M or offspring
39
Q

sexual arms race

A

conflicting benefits/costs of mating has led to coevolution of armaments
- coevolution

40
Q

coevolution

A

reciprocal evolutionary interaction b/w 2+ evolving groups (2 species or M vs F)
- water striders: clasping structures in M and anti-clasping structures in F co-evolved in response to sexual conflict)

Bio 208 (23 decks)

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