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Bio 208 > Lec 11- behavior and fitness > Flashcards

Lec 11- behavior and fitness Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ethology

A

study of behavior

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2
Q

behavioral ecology

A

study of behavior in ecological context
- focuses on vertebrate and invertebrate
- expanded to plants and microbes

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3
Q

what is behavior?

A
  • difficult to define
  • lack consensus on whether “motion” is prerequisite
  • should it apply to plants and microbes

internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individual or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli
- any response

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4
Q

Hamilton’s 4 classes of social interaction

A
  • based on fitness consequences
    cooperation, altruism, selfishness, spite
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5
Q

cooperation

A

both donor and recipient benefit
- within species and often b/w related animals
- exchange resources and protection

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6
Q

altruism

A

recipient benefits, donor doesnt

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7
Q

selfishness

A

donor benefits and recipient doesn’t

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8
Q

spite

A

donor and recipient don’t benefit

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9
Q

fitness

A

of offspring contributed by individual relative
- no of offspring produced by other members of pop

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10
Q

donor

A

indivdual performing action

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11
Q

recipient

A

individual recognizing behavior

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12
Q

inclusive fitness

A

determined by survival and repro + the survival and repro of relatives
- behavioral interactions b/w 2 individuals may have +/- effects on either individuals inclusive fitness
- affects closest relatives and interpret social interactions like altruism

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13
Q

how does natural selection favor behavior?

A

increases inclusive fitness of individuals
- individuals selected for or against causing evolution within a population
- actions are on individuals but affects future generations

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14
Q

how does natural selection work on behavior?

A

only occur if behavior has a genetic base

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15
Q

honeybees and behavior

A

work is distributed based on age
- young stay in to care for young bees
- older go out to collect food
- work behavior tied to levels of specific protein kinase (PKG) produced by one gene
- more PKG = work out
- less PKG = work in
with age comes changes in work behavior

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16
Q

adaptive behavior

A
  • acquired
  • increases the fitness of organisms and will be selected for over multiple gen
  • relevant to evolution
  • range of options

expression (phenotype) depends on genes and environmental conditions

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17
Q

which 2 behaviors should be selected for by natural selection?

A

cooperation and selfishness
- increase donor fitness

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18
Q

which 2 behaviors should be selected against by natural selection?

A

altruism and spite
- decrease donor fitness

19
Q

altruism

A

b/w relatives
- direct observations and molecular data
- red squirrel
- donor loses energy to care for recipient (distant relatives)
- recipient can pass on genes

20
Q

why would donor commit to altruism?

A
  1. group selection
  2. manipulation
  3. reciprocal altruism
  4. kin selection
21
Q

group selection

A

individuals neglect own needs in favor of group
- part of own population and genes are in relatives

22
Q

manipulation

A

donor does not recognize it is being parasitized
- tricked so does not know they arent related

23
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

recipient will pay back at one point in future

24
Q

kin selection

A

individuals increase inclusive fitness by helping survival and repro of relatives (kin)
- able to spread genes for future generations

25
Q

coefficient of relatedness (CR)

A

probability that an allele at given locus will be identical by descent among 2 individuals in population
- quantify relatedness
-

26
Q

CR among kin

A

50% reduction in coefficient of relationship b/w each additional connection
- small = distant relatedness
- big = closer in relatedness
parent - self : 50% (direct)
grandparent - child: 25% (skip 1 gen)

27
Q

altruism and kin selection

A

cost/benefit < CR

28
Q

how does the cost get outweighed?

A

the more distant relationship, the smaller the CR, the larger the benefits

29
Q

how does the benefits get outweighed?

A

the higher the CR, the more likely the donor will benefit from being altruistic

30
Q

cowbird- selfishness

A

laying eggs in other nests
- obligate brood parasite
- parents dont waste energy to take care of eggs and others will care for genes to get passed on

31
Q

phoebe and cowbird eggs

A

cowbird lay eggs in phoebe bc they look the same size and shape but diff colors

32
Q

phoebe pov of cowbird eggs

A

raising eggs is altruistic behavior
- manipulation: donor has no means to recognize/prevent interactions
- doesnt know its being tricked

33
Q

European badger

A

spite
- tuberculosis infected so leave area to infect others bc they have a fitness disadvantage
- spread to non-kin so they have fitness disadvantage

34
Q

sociality

A

group of individuals living together and involves some degree of cooperation between individuals
- cooperative feeding (capture and eat together)
- defense of social group (diff roles w/in group)
- restricted repro opportunities (dominant M and F and no others can mate)

35
Q

examples of social behavior

A
  • mutual grooming (monkeys)
  • group protection of young (young in and old out)
  • highly complex societies (colonies)
36
Q

cooperative breeders

A

live in groups (pack)
adults help with offspring
- defense
- prepare/maintain living area
- feed young

37
Q

why does cooperative breeding work?

A

members most likely relatives
- inclusive fitness (increase fitness of close relatives)
tit for tat
- help the group then they will help you (reciprocal altruism)

38
Q

eusociality

A

highly complex social behavior

39
Q

eusocial animals

A
  • individuals of more than one gen live together (multigenerational community)
  • cooperative care of young
  • division of individuals into sterile/non-reproductive and reproductive castes (excludes cooperative breeding animals except mole rat)
    insects, crustaceans and mole rat
40
Q

leaf cutter ants

A

eusocial
- one most socially complex organisms
- up to 7 casts
- workers have diff looks

41
Q

naked mole rat

A

one of 2 eusocial mammals (Damarland mole-rat, south africa)
- 3 casts

42
Q

comparing leafcutter and mole rat

A

queen - only reproductive person with M (interbreeding common as only have 1 Queen)
small - foraging and maintenance (convergent evolution)
large - defense

43
Q

why has eusociality evolved?

A

kin selection- role as individuals in colonies have high degree of relatedness
ecological constraints- role in defense and maintenance of burrow sys

Bio 208 (23 decks)

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