Lec 10- heterotrophs Flashcards

1
Q

heterotrophy diversity

A

found across all organismal groups

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2
Q

herbivores

A

eats plants

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3
Q

carnivores

A

eats animals

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4
Q

detritivores

A

eat nonliving (dead) organic matter

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5
Q

What is food economics

A

the balance between ease of getting food and the quality of food

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6
Q

Ecological stoich

A

elements relationships in food
- relative abundance of C and N varies
- dictates what and how each type of heterotroph eats

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7
Q

plant stoich

A

high C:N ratio
- C used to build up structure and for photosynthesis
C>N

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8
Q

animals, fungi and bacteria stoich

A

low C:N ratio
less C needed
N>C

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9
Q

what 5 elements make 93-97% of biomass of plants, animals, etc?

A

C
O
N
P
H

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10
Q

carbon fxn

A

structure

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11
Q

oxygen fxn

A

part of water molecules

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12
Q

hydrogen fxn

A

part of water molecules

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13
Q

nitrogen fxn

A

part of amino and nucleic acids

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14
Q

phosphorus fxn

A

essential for cellular processes- ATP energy transfer

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15
Q

herbivory- food stoich

A

easy to get food- abundant
low quality food- rich in C but poor in N- difficult to digest

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16
Q

herbivory food

A

substantial nutritional chem challenges
- low N, high C
- cellulose and lignin strenthen tissue but increase C:N ratio = difficult to ingest and digest
- overcome plant physical and chemical defenses
physical: spines/thorns
chemical: toxins/digesting reducing compounds
- plants are poor food and animals must generally consume large amounts of food

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17
Q

koala diet

A

eucalyptus
- long digesting organs
- gut microbes
- long sleep

18
Q

elephants diet

A

large amounts of food
10% of food to obtain nutrients

19
Q

porcupines

A

defense strategies against predators (quills)

20
Q

carnivory stoich

A

hard to get food but high quality of food
- nutritionally rich prey
- little variation in C:N ratio: prey available and have varied diet
- selection on nutritional requirements less strong, selection stronger on ability and efficiency of capturing and consuming diff preys
- adaptions to hunt effectively

21
Q

detritivory stoich

A

easy to access but high and low quality

22
Q

difference between detritivory and decomposition

A

both contribute to decomp and nutrient recycling
- detritivores = ingest and digest dead matter via internal processes (sea cucs)
- decomposers = directly absorb nutrients through chemical and bio processes (fungi)

23
Q

detritivory

A

feed on nonliving organic matter
dominant food source is dead plant matter
dead plants rich in C and energy but poor in N
- N limiting to living plants
Nitrogen Use Efficiency in plants to reabsorb N before dropping leaves
- fresh detritus may have physical and chemical defenses present
- not limited by food
- abiotic and chemical composition more direct impacts (soil moisture)

24
Q

mixotrophy

A

exploit more than one C source

25
omnivores
gain energy from plants and animals
26
mixotrophs
gain energy from photosynthesis (inorganic) and from consuming organic material
27
saprophytes
feed on dead matter pinesap
28
parasites
feed on living plant host dodder
29
epiphytes
grow on other plants - DOES NOT parasitize on them epiphytic fern
30
insectivorous plants
additional nutrients from trapped insects - venus fly trap
31
functional response
relationship b/w food availability and feeding rate - relationship b/w food density and food intake levels off
32
what influences feeding rate?
1. animals can only eat so much in mouth 2. time to digest (make room for more) 3. time to find food (easier for herb) 4. time to handle/process food (herb needs more time) 5. safer to hide than eat
33
functional response curve (1)
feeding rate increases linearly up to incipient limiting concentration - due to quick processing ILC- feeding rate levels off abruptly, max feeding rate. prey density at which food intake levels off into aymptote - zooplankton - rare kind of curve
34
functional response curve (2)
feeding rate increases linearly at low concentrate at slow rate at moderate concentrations then levels off at high concentrations - limited by search and low densities - at hgiher densities then food is widely available - more common - large animals (moose)
35
functional response curve (3)
s-shaped low at low food densities increases at intermediate food densities and then levels off at high food densities - juveniles
36
optimal foraging theory
max or min some factors to optimize feeding process - what - where - when - costs vs benefits - allocated energy - approach to understand behavior
37
marginal value theorem
where and when to eat how long should animal forage in food patch b/f moving to a new location? - graph slope = energy gain per unit time red line = total energy gained by organism as it forages in a patch - optimal time to spend in a patch is one that maximizes energy gain per unit time across a landscape of patches
38
diet composition - what to eat
rate of energy intake or predator feeding on ONE prey E/T = Ne1E1- Cs/ 1 + Ne1H1 Ne1 = # of prey per unit time Cs = energy expended searching H1 = handling time
39
energy predictions
if 1 prey was not enough they add a second prey so 2 prey E/T >> 1 E/T if 1 pray enough then 1 prey E/T > 2 prey E/T
40
Bluegill sunfish
support the optimal foraging theory - size distribution of prey in natural habitat - predicted intake of prey by size (big prey = more food per unit effort) - actual intake of prey by size, measured in natural habitat