LEC 2 - Phylogeny and classification

Question 1

Domains of Life

Answer 1

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya (a and e more closely related)

Developed by Carl Wose

Question 2

Order of Classification (updated)

Answer 2

Domain, phylum, subphylum, class, order, family genus, species

Question 3

Naming conventions

Answer 3

Genus species (italics) plus initial of the first discoverer

Question 4

What is a cladogram?

Answer 4

visually shows specication (by each node) and can show who’s more closely related to who

Question 5

Types of cladogram groupings

Answer 5

Paraphyletic -> common ancestor plus SOME decendents (helpfull to visualize but PLS avoid)
Polyphyletic -> doesn’t include common ancestor at all (like algae) Love of god pls ni
Monophyletic -> common ancestor and ALL descendants. We love this

Question 6

Where to put a node on a tree?

Answer 6

The monophyletic groups are sometimes determined by SYNAPMORPHYS (Characteristics shared by a common ancestor and its descendants)
OR on phylogeny, which looks at the evolutionary history of DNA (this can include secondary loss) branch = change in dna sequence

Question 7

Homologous vs analogous

Answer 7

Homologous-> trait comes from common ancestor

analogous -> developed independently of a common ancestor (wings in bats & birds)

Question 8

Morphalocical vs biological vs pylogenetic species

Answer 8

Morphological-> looks different (Linnaeus, type specimen)
biological -> reproductive Isolation
pylogenetic species -> Monophyletic group determined by DNA sequencing that show synapomorphies

Question 9

Plesiomorphy vs. Synapomorphy

Answer 9

Synapomorphy - shared derived character(shared by a monophyletic group)
Plesiomorphy - primitive character (character shared by a parapyletic group)
A character can be anything from a gene sequence to a morphological character