Eukaryotics

Question 1

5 main supergroups/ phyla of eukaryotes

Answer 1

Opisthokouta} animals, fungi
ameoboza } Slime creatures
Archeaeplastids } Some algae and most plants
SAR } Mostly parasites, single-celled
Excavata } a weird on, some photosynthisis some are parasites

Question 2

Main synapomorphies of eukaryotes

Answer 2

1) Membrane-bound nucli
2) Endoplasmic reticulum (rough is ribosomes smooth is lipids)
3) golgi } mail room of the cell
4) Chloroplasts (not in all)
5) cytoskeleton (holds cells shape)
6) phagocytosis (eats/engulfs other cells)
7) Mitrocondria (found in ALL, or have had a secondary loss, pups atp)

Question 3

Overview of Eukaryodies life cycles

Answer 3

transitions in a triangle of haploid through cell fusion to dikaryotic, through nuclear fusion (Karyogamy) to diploid through meiosis to haploid
-> mitosis can happen in all three

Question 4

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 4

eukaryotic came from prokaryotic but shifted due to gene transfer and phagocytosis

• > proof from mitochondria holding prokarotic DNA
• > chloroplastic containing this DNA and interesting structure

Question 5

chloroplast proof of the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 5

thorugh HGT and phagocytosis, cyanobacteria got engulfed (proof due to plasma membrane around chloroplasts that is formed via phagocytosis process)

• > Primary capture } 2 membranes
• > If engulfed again, secondary capture } 3 or 4 layers
  • > NEVER MORE, cus then y loose efficiency
• > Nucleomorph } the remains of primitive red and green algal nuclei that were engulfed by a larger eukaryote

Question 6

Protomitosis

Answer 6

close to binary fission

• > nucleus membrane stays intact
• > oldest mitosis

Question 7

Mesomitosis

Answer 7

• > Nucleus membrane splits, but rest of membrane stays intact
• > no centerzomes

Question 8

Metamitosis

Answer 8

regular mitosis, membrane splits, ect