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Psych1000 > LCT16: Social Psychology > Flashcards

LCT16: Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

the study of how we influence each other

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2
Q

What can social factors cause us to do?

A

can influence us to think or do things that we normally wouldn’t think or do on our own

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3
Q

Effects of social constructs

A

the social constructs that people are placed into or among really have a major impact on how people respond and react

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4
Q

Standford Prison Experiment

A

textbook

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5
Q

Nonverbal Actions and Expressions

A

first impressions are greatly influenced by nonverbal cues

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6
Q

Which facial expression is one of the first things people notice?

A

eye contact - interpretation of facial expressions varies by culture

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7
Q

Body Language

A

“thin slices of behavior” - brief observations of body language

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8
Q

Impression Formation

A

accurate judgements can be made after only a few seconds

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9
Q

What can be predicted through observing how somebody walks for a few seconds?

A

happiness, hostility, anger, and sexual orientation

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10
Q

Attributions

A

peoples explanation for why actions and events occur, including behavior

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11
Q

“Just-World” Hypothesis

A

the need to believe that the world is fair, or that justice is served. Can lead to victim-blaming

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12
Q

Attribution Theory

A

people are motivated to draw inferences in part by a basic need for order and predictability in their lives
- tend to explain behaviors as situational or personal

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13
Q

Psychologist associated with Attribution Theory

A

Frits Helder

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14
Q

Situational attributions

A

outside events, accidents, or the actions of other people

- external, temporal

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15
Q

Personal attributions

A

within a person, such as abilities, traits, moods, or effort

- internal, dispositional

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16
Q

Self-serving bias

A

choosing explanations that are favorable to oneself - tendency to take credit for success and to deny responsibility for failures

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17
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Judging other people’s behaviors, we tend to:

  • overestimate importance of personality traits
  • underestimate importance of the situation
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18
Q

Actor/observer discrepancy

A
  • when interpreting our own behaviors, we focus on the situation
  • when interpreting others behaviors we refocus on the disposition
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19
Q

Stereotypes

A

Attitudes and beliefs about groups

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20
Q

Cognitive schemas

A

Help us organize information about people on the basis of the membership of certain groups
- do not consider variations between individuals

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21
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Tendency to behave in ways that confirm one’s own or others expectations

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22
Q

Rosenthal study of “academic blooming”

A

Textbook

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23
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Tendency for stereotypes to influence members of the stereotyped group - about performance not self-esteem

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24
Q

What do stereotypes affect?

A

Both our perception and memory

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25
Q

Perceptual confirmation

A

We tend to perceive what we expect to perceive

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26
Q

What information do we remember about stereotypes?

A

We tend to remember the information that already matches our stereotypes

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27
Q

What does are skewed perception and memory of stereotypes create?

A

Illusory correlation

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28
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Believe a relationship exists when one does not

29
Q

Negative stereotypes can lead to…

A

Prejudice and discrimination

30
Q

Prejudice

A

Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs towards others are based solely on their membership in a certain group

31
Q

Discrimination

A

Inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice

32
Q

Ingroups and Outgroups

A

“Us versus Them”

33
Q

Outgroup homogeneity affect

A

People assume that members of an out group are all alike

34
Q

Ingroup favoritism

A

People favor or privilege members of their ingroup

35
Q

How can negative stereotypes be countered?

A

Through learning and self-regulation

36
Q

Between stereotyped thinking is…

A

Difficult and requires self-control

37
Q

Sherif’s “Robber’s Cave” Experiments

A

Created hostility, prejudice, and discrimination, and then tried to reduce it

38
Q

Cooperation

A

Together for a greater purpose I hope people overcome group hostilities

39
Q

Superordinate goal

A

Task oriented cooperation

40
Q

Peoples evaluations of objects, events, or ideas

A
  • opinions, beliefs, and feelings
  • shaped by social context
  • shape how we evaluate and interact with other people
41
Q

Explicit attitudes

A

Those you are aware of and can report

42
Q

Implicit attitudes

A

Those you are not aware of

- influence feelings and behavior at an unconscious level

43
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

And uncomfortable state that occurs when there is a contradiction between two attitudes or an attitude and a behavior

44
Q

How do people reduce dissonance (contradiction)?

A

By changing their attitudes or behaviors OR rationalize or trivialize the discrepancies (the way we are thinking)

45
Q

The “looking glass effect”

A

Mirrors reduce cheating on tests and eating unhealthy foods (changing behaviors to match attitude noticed)

46
Q

Abu Ghraib

A

Abuse and torture can feel justified prisoners or seen as subhuman or evil (rationalization or justification of behaviors)

47
Q

Postdecisional Dissonance

A

After decision, focus on the positive aspects of selected option and negative aspects of rejected option

48
Q

Insufficient justification

A

Changing behavior first, with little incentive or reason. Attitude changes.

49
Q

Psychologists associated with insufficient justification

A

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)

50
Q

The presence of others can…

A

Improve our performance, but sometimes impair it

51
Q

Social facilitation

A

Arousal enhances the dominant response, which usually improves performance if the task is easy

52
Q

Psychologist associated with social facilitation

A

Zajonc (1965)

53
Q

Social loafing

A
  • people work less hard in a group then when working alone

- no one person’s efforts are identified

54
Q

Deindividuation

A
  • people sometimes lose their individuality when they become part of a group
  • State of reduced individuality, self-awareness, and attention to personal standards
55
Q

Group polarization

A

Initial attitudes of members determine what the group is riskier or more cautious

56
Q

Groupthink

A

Extreme form of group polarization that results when members are very concerned with maintaining the groups cohesiveness

57
Q

Conformity

A

Altering ones behaviors and opinions to match those other people or to match other people’s expectations
- necessary in a civilized society, to some degree

58
Q

How many people conformed to Solomon Asch’s objective line length test?

A

3/4 of participants

59
Q

Who conducted one of the most controversial studies in social psychology, and what was it over?

A

Stanley Milgram - obedience

60
Q

What percent of participants completely obeyed the experimenter in the obedience studies? What about a recent replication?

A
  • nearly two thirds (65%)

- 70%

61
Q

Bystander Intervention Effect

A

failure to offer help to someone observed to be in need

62
Q

Cases apart of the Bystander Intervention Effect

A
  • murder of Kitty Genovese inspired the study of bystander intervention
  • Latane & Darley studied bystanders in many types of “emergencies” and found frequent failures to intervene
63
Q

Four major factors in the bystander effect

A

1) Diffusion of responsibility
2) Fear of social blunders
3) Anonymity
4) Perceived risk

64
Q

Prosocial Behaviors

A

behaviors that benefit others

65
Q

Altruism

A

the providing of help in the absence of apparent rewards for doing so
- linked to empathy

66
Q

Elaberation likelihood model

A

A theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes

67
Q

Social norms

A

Expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior

68
Q

Compliance

A

The tendency to agree to do things request by others

Psych1000 (21 decks)

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