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Psych1000 > LCT10: Learning and Conditioning > Flashcards

LCT10: Learning and Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

Behaviorism

A

a school of thought that emphasized observable behavior and learning through interactions with the environment
- everything you are is the result of experiences

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2
Q

Psychologist associated with behaviorism

A

John Watson

B.F. Skinner

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3
Q

Anti-Mentalism

A

internal emotions and feelings are vague and unscientific

- unobservable = not important to science (according to behaviorists)

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4
Q

Three Ways of Learning

A

1) Habituation
2) Classical Conditioning
3) Operant Conditioning

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5
Q

Habituation

A

simplest form of learning, critically adaptive and important - not permanent

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6
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate one stimulus with another

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7
Q

Unconditioned

A

natural, innate response

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8
Q

Conditioned

A

learned through association

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9
Q

Most of the time…

A

conditioned and unconditioned response are the same

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10
Q

Acquisition

A

the formation of learned response

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11
Q

Extinction

A

weakening or elimination of a learned response (CR)

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12
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

reappearance of a learned response after an apparent extinction

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13
Q

Learning to Fear

A

a person can learn to fear just about anything if it is paired with something that elicits pain, surprise, or embarrassment

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14
Q

Phobia

A

acquired fear, out of proportion to the real threat

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15
Q

Taste Aversion Learning

A

learning i not simply due to contiguous pairing of stimuli - it is also affected by biological factors

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16
Q

Conditioned taste Aversion

A

link between taste (or smell) and illness, easily produced

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17
Q

Biological Preparedness

A 
fear responses (Seligman)
- organisms are genetically prepared to fear certain objects
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18
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

focuses on how expectations and prediction impact classical conditioning

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19
Q

Classical conditioning is an association between…

A

unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus

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20
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

learning the relationships between actions and rewards or punishments (to learn what works and what doesn’t - B.F. Skinner)

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21
Q

Classical vs. Operant

A

Classical - passive associational process that does not take into account when organisms enlarge in instrumental behavior
Operant - the learning process in which an action’s consequences determine the likelihood that the action will be performed again

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22
Q

Law of Effect

A

Behavoirs followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened

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23
Q

Psychologist associated with the Law of Effect

A

Edward L. Thorndike

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24
Q

“Skinner Box”

A

an apparatus used to study the effects of reinforcement on behavior or lab animals

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25
Q

Reinforcement

A

increases the probability of a behavior occurring again (strengthens the response)

26
Q

Punishment

A

decreases the probability of a behavior occurring again (weakens the response)

27
Q

Reinforcer

A

a stimulus that occurs after a response and increases the likelihood that a response will be repeated

28
Q

Two types of Reinforcers

A

Primary and Secondary

29
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

those satisfying basic biological needs

30
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

those that do not satisfy basic biological needs and are learned through classical conditioning

31
Q

Two types of Reinforcements

A

Positive and Negative

32
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

increase response with positive stimulus (often reward)

33
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

increases response with removal of negative stimulus (ointment on bites, seatbelt buzzer)

34
Q

Reinforcement is something that will…

A

always increase the response : can be positive or negative

35
Q

Shaping

A

reinforcements used to gradually guide an animal or person toward a behavior

36
Q

Two Kinds of Punishment

A

Positive and Negative

37
Q

Positive Punishment

A

decreases the response by giving unpleasant stimulus (yelling, shock)

38
Q

Negative Punishment

A

decrease the response by removing a desired stimulus (taking privileges)

39
Q

Both kinds of punishments…

A

decrease the response

40
Q

Ratio

A

reinforcement after a certain number of times a response is produced

41
Q

Interval

A

after a period of time, reinforcement is available

42
Q

Fixed

A

reinforcement given on a set schedule, at every # of responses or every time period

43
Q

Variable

A

reinforcement given at different rates of times

44
Q

Example of Variable Ratio

A

a slot machine pays off on average every few pulls, but you never know which pull will pay

45
Q

Example of Fixed Ratio

A

you are paid each time you complete a chore

46
Q

Example of Variable Interval

A

you listen to the radio to hear your favorite song, you do not know when you will hear it.

47
Q

Example of Fixed Interval

A

when quizzes are scheduled at fixed intervals, students study only when the quiz is to be administered (the grade is the reinforcer)

48
Q

Partial-Reinforcement Effect

A

greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement

49
Q

What schedule is most associated with persistence of behavior?

A

Variable Ratio

50
Q

Critiques of Operant Conditioning

A
  • biology constrains learning

- learning can occur without reinforcement

51
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

conditioning is most effective if it is consistent with predispositions

52
Q

Latent Learning

A

learning that takes place without reinforcement

53
Q

Insight Learning

A

in problem-solving, solution emerges suddenly, with no clear antecedent

54
Q

Observational Learning

A

learning that occurs after watching another perform a behavior

55
Q

Modeling

A

imitation of observed behavior

56
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement

A

whether a model is reinforced or punished determines whether the observer imitates

57
Q

Vicarious Learning

A

learning the consequences of an action by watching other being rewarded or punished for it

58
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

neurons that are activated when one observes another engaging in an action and when one performs the action that was observed

59
Q

Pleasure Centers

A

areas in brain that produce pleasure when stimulated

60
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

the strengthening of synaptic connections so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated

Psych1000 (21 decks)

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