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Psych1000 > LCT13: Personality > Flashcards

LCT13: Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes a person throughout life

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2
Q

Trait

A

a characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling

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3
Q

Psychodynamic Theory

A

assumed that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior

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4
Q

Psychologist associated with the psychodynamic theory/approach

A

Sigmund Freud

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5
Q

Levels of Consciousness

A
  • conscious
  • preconscious
  • unconscious
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6
Q

Conscious

A

aware of the thoughts

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7
Q

Preconscious

A

thoughts could be brought to awareness - unthreatening

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8
Q

Unconscious

A

not easily retrieved - thoughts and feelings are threatening

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9
Q

Unconscious content

A

wishes, desires, motives associated with conflict, anxiety, or pain

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10
Q

“Freudian Slips”

A

accidntally revealing a hidden thought or motive through a slip of the tongue –> unconscious content rarely stay buried

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11
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

stages of personality development that are defined by the part of the body that is most sensitive (or an issue) at the time

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12
Q

Erogenous zone

A

body part that satisfies urges (usually erotic)

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13
Q

Fixation

A

a “stopping-point” in psychosexual development that can cause re-organization of the personality before moving on to the next stage (either due to too much or too little gratification of needs during the stage)

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14
Q

Five Psychosexual Stage

A

1) Oral
2) Anal
3) Phallic
4) Latency
5) Genital

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15
Q

Oral Stage

A

birth to 18 months

  • babies mouth is where pleasure is derived
  • nursing, exploring
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16
Q

Anal Stage

A

2-3 years old

  • toilet training - learning to hold and release bowls - the focus of this stage
  • Self-control
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17
Q

Phallic Stage

A

4-6 years old

  • genitals become focus of interest and pleasure
  • noticing sex of parents; learning roles
  • new interpretation: “how do I fit in to this group?”
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18
Q

Latency Stage

A

7-12 years old
- sexual impulses dormant
- focus on friends and schoolwork
(the calm between the storms)

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19
Q

Genital Stage

A

puberty to adult

  • adult sexual urges appear
  • coping with conflict between biological drives and social prohibitions
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20
Q

3 Fixations

A
  • Oral Fixation
  • Anal Fixation
  • Phallic Fixation
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21
Q

Oral Fixation

A

problems feeding or weaning can cause later need for oral gratification (eating, drinking, smoking OR acting needy, dependent, demanding, passive)

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22
Q

Anal Fixation

A

problems with toilet training or learning self-control (parent too harsh or rigid) can lead to becoming anal-retentive or anal-expulsive

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23
Q

Anal-Retentive

A

tight, stubborn, over controlled

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24
Q

Anal-Expulsive

A

rebellious, messy, disorganized

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25
Q

Phallic Fixation

A

prohibiting genital exploration can lead to excessive masculinity or femininity

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26
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

tendency to become attracted to opposite-sex parent and hostile toward same-sex parent

27
Q

What stages don’t have fixations?

A

Latency stage and Genital stage

28
Q

Structural Model of Personality

A

three interacting parts of the human personality, in conflict with each other

  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
29
Q

Id

A

a primitive and unconscious part of personality that contains basic drives and instincts - operates according to the Pleasure Principle (“I want it, and I want it NOW”)

30
Q

Superego

A

internalized rules of society and parents; moral ideas and conscience (“you should be ashamed of yourself”)

31
Q

Ego

A

the part of the personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the Id while being responsive to the rules of the Superego (mediates between the two)

32
Q

Reality Principle

A

rational thinking and problem solving are used to satisfy needs and wants appropriately

33
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from distress, conflict, and desires

34
Q

Denial

A

refusing to acknowledge source of anxiety

35
Q

Repression

A

excluding source of anxiety from awareness

36
Q

Projection

A

attributing unacceptable qualities of the self to someone else

37
Q

Reaction Formation

A

warding off an uncomfortable thought by overemphasizing its opposite (homophobia)

38
Q

Rationalization

A

concocting a seemingly logical reason or excuse for behavior that might otherwise be shameful

39
Q

Displacement

A

when people direct their emotions (especially anger) toward things, animals, or other people who are not the real object of their feelings

40
Q

Sublimation

A

channeling socially unacceptable impulses into constructive, even admirable, behavior

41
Q

Humanistic approach for personality

A

emphasizes personal experience and belief systems

42
Q

Self-Actualization (psychologist)

A

people seek to fulfill their potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding (Abraham Maslow)

43
Q

Person-Centered Approach (psychologist)

A

focused on people’s personal understandings (Carl Rogers)

44
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

acceptance and love from others is unqualified (love regardless of behavior

45
Q

What part of the structural model of personality operates on the reality principle?

A

Ego

46
Q

Personal constructs (psychologist)

A

personal theories of how the world works - develop through our experiences and represent our interpretations and explanations for events in our social worlds (George Kelly)

47
Q

Expectancy-Value Approach (psychologist)

A

the idea that behavior is a function of two things: our expectations for reinforcement and the values we ascribe to particular reinforcers (Julian Rotter’s)

48
Q

Internal/External Locus of Control (psychologist)

A

Internal - believe they bring about their own rewards

External - believe rewards result from forces beyond their control (Julian Rotter’s)

49
Q

Cognitive-Social Theories of Personality

A

emphasize how personal beliefs, expectancies, and interpretations of social situations shape behavior and personality

50
Q

Cognitive-Affective personality system (psychologist)

A

(CAPS) our personalities often fail to predict our behavior across different circumstances (Walter Mischel)

51
Q

Personality Traits

A

behavioral dispositions that endure over time and across situations

52
Q

Trait Approach

A

focuses on the extent to which individuals differ on those personality dispositions

53
Q

Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model

A

Three traits:

1) Introversion-Extroversion: shy/reserved vs social/outgoing
2) Emotional stability: how changeable are your moods and emotions
3) Psychoticism (Constraint): are you restrained or uninhibited

54
Q

Five Factor Model

A

1) Openness to experience - receptiveness to new ideas and experiences
2) Conscientiousness - tendency to be reliable
3) Extraversion - desire for stimulation, activity, and social interaction
4) Agreeableness - selfless concern for other
5) Neuroticism - proneness to anxiety and negative emotion

55
Q

Genetic influence accounts for approximately how much of the variance between individuals in personality traits?

A

about half (40-60%)

56
Q

Temperaments

A

psychological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways

  • present in infancy, assumed to be innate
  • relatively stable over time
57
Q

Several temperamental aspects measured are…

A
  • Activity level: overall amount of energy
  • Emotionality: intensity of emotional reactions
  • Sociability: tendency to affiliate with others
58
Q

Long-term implications of temperaments

A

research has demonstrated that early temperament is predictive of later personality and behaviors

59
Q

Age-related Change

A

in general, people become less neurotic, less extraverted, and less open to new experiences as they get older
- people also tend to become more agreeable and much more conscientious with age

60
Q

Behavior Approach System (BAS)

A

the brain system involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards (Jeffrey Gray)

61
Q

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

A

the brain system that is sensitive to punishment and therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain (Jeffrey Gray)

62
Q

Objective Measures

A

Relatively direct assessment of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings.

63
Q

Projective Measures

A

Personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli.

Psych1000 (21 decks)

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