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Psych1000 > LCT14: Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

LCT14: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

aka - mental disorder or psychopathology

- usually involves “abnormal behavior”

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2
Q

Rarity and unusual does not equal…

A

psychological disorder

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3
Q

How common are psychological disorders?

A

nearly half of individuals in U.S. will receive treatment for a disorder in their life time — only 7% are considered severe

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4
Q

The Three D’s

A

1) Deviate: Does the behavior Deviate from cultural norms?
2) Dysfunctional: Is the behavior Dysfunctional?
3) Distress: Is the behavior causing the individual personal distress?

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5
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A
  • system for classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders
  • contains current descriptions and symptoms for about 300 disorders
  • observable symptoms, patients must meet specific criteria to receive a particular diagnosis
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6
Q

Diagnosis keys

A
  • categorical vs dimensional approach to diagnosis of abnormal behavior
  • presence of symptoms vs. extent or severity
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7
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

disorders caused by an interaction between vulnerability and stress

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8
Q

Vulnerability

A

underlying traits, temperament, genetic or biological predispositions - can also include early childhood trauma

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9
Q

Stress

A

precipitating stressful circumstances, like life experiences, sad events

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10
Q

Sex Differences in Disorders

A
  • some disorders have equal prevalence in males and females - schizophrenia, bipolar
  • others very dramatically - alcohol dependence, anorexia, depression
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11
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

characterized by excessive anxiety in the absence of true danger - more than 25% of people will experience an anxiety disorder in their lifetime

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12
Q

Specific phobias

A

involves fear of particular objects or situations

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13
Q

Social Phobia or Social Anxiety Disorder

A

involves fear of being humiliated in a social situation

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14
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

anxiety experienced is continual, diffuse and general - constant worrying

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15
Q

Panic Disorder

A

individuals experience sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror

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16
Q

What can panic disorders lead to?

A

Agoraphobia

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17
Q

Agoraphobia

A

the fear of being in a situation where escape may be difficult or impossible - leads sufferers to restrict their activities

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18
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

a person experiences repeated intrusive thoughts or images (obsessions) and the person feels compelled to engage in ritualistic behavior (compulsions)

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19
Q

Cognitive Components

A

anxious people may interpret more situations as threatening, and focus more attention on perceived threats

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20
Q

Learned Components

A

anxiety becomes paired with a specific event and anxious responses can be reinforced (conditioned)

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21
Q

Biological Components

A

temperament; also, neurotransmitters and brain areas implicated

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22
Q

What was once categorized by Mood Disorders, is now split into what?

A

Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders

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23
Q

Depressive Disorders

A
  • feature persistent and pervasive feelings of sadness

- depression is the leading risk factor for suicide

24
Q

Two primary depressive disorders

A

1) Major Depressive Disorder

2) Dysthymic Disorder (or Dysthymia)

25
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

severe negative moods or loss of interest in pleasurable activities - persistent, significant, impairing; can be recurrent

26
Q

Dysthymic Disorder

A

mild to moderate depressed mood (now called - Persistent Depressive Disorder)

27
Q

Gender Difference in Depressive Disorders

A

women are TWICE as likely than men to be diagnosed with depression due to - “role stress” and internalization vs externalization

28
Q

“Role Stress”

A

women being overworked and under-supported; subtle and not subtle oppression

29
Q

Internalization vs Externalization

A

women respond to stressful events by “internalizing” their feelings, which leads to depression and anxiety - men “externalize” with alcohol and violence

30
Q

Bipolar Disorders

A

characterized by periods of mania and frequently alternating with periods of depression

31
Q

Manic episodes

A

periods of elevated mood, increased activity, distractibility, racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep

32
Q

Severity of mania

A

distinguished Bipolar I (mania) from Bipolar II (hypomania)

33
Q

Biological components of Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

A

Genetics - genetic contribution for major depression is moderate, while genetic contribution for bipolar disorder is quite strong
- Neurotransmitters and brain structures also implicated in both depressive and bipolar disorders

34
Q

Situational Components

A

interpersonal losses, life stressors, responses of friends and families

35
Q

Cognitive Components

A
  • Seligman’s learned helplessness model

- Beck’s cognitive model

36
Q

Seligman’s learned helplessness model

A

expectation that one cannot control important outcomes in life - dogs exposed to shocks gave up escape

37
Q

Beck’s cognitive model

A

people with depression may distort reality and think more negatively

38
Q

Warning signs of suicide

A
  • talking of suicide

- losses, failures; loss of interest in activities

39
Q

Schizophrenia

A

psychological disorder characterized by distortions in perceptions, emotions, thoughts, or consciousness

40
Q

Psychosis

A

mental condition that involves distorted perceptions of reality

41
Q

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

1) Delusions
2) Hallucinations
3) Loosening of associations
4) Disorganized behavior

42
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs

  • delusions of persecution: belief that others want to harm them
  • delusions of grandeur: belief of having great power
43
Q

Hallucinations

A

false sensory perceptions

- auditory most common

44
Q

Loosening of associations

A

incoherent speech patterns

  • thought disorder: thoughts seem disorganized or meaningless
  • clang associations: stringing words together based on their sounds
45
Q

Disorganized behavior

A

acting strangely

  • strange movement
  • poor self-care
46
Q

Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

behavioral deficits

  • flat or blunted affect (emotional flatness), slow or no speech, social withdrawal, and lack of goal-directed behavior
  • associated with a poorer prognosis
  • associated with structural abnormalities in the brain
47
Q

Biological Factors of Schizophrenia

A
  • genetics plays a role - no single gene, but possibly several genes contribute
  • neurotransmitter abnormalities and problems with the myelin sheath
  • structural brain abnormalities: decreased brain weight and enlargement of ventricles
48
Q

Environmental Factors of Schizophrenia

A

stress in environment contributes to its development

  • healthy families: none became psychotic
  • disturbed families: 11% of the children became psychotic and 41% had severe psychological disorders
49
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

originally developed as an explanation of schizophrenia

- genetic, biological vulnerabilities along with stress from environment interact in the development of the disorder

50
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

characterized by disturbances in:

1) identity (absence of sense of self)
2) affect (emotional instability)
3) impulses (most commonly self-mutilation)

51
Q

Environmental Factors of Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • diagnosed more in women
  • 70-80% of cases report history of physical or sexual abuse or observing extreme violence
  • early care takes may have been rejecting and critical or may have encouraged dependency
52
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

characterized by lack of empathy and remorse

53
Q

Environmental Factors of Antisocial Personality Disorder

A
  • diagnosed more in men
  • can be manipulative, charming, clever
  • both biological and environmental causes
54
Q

Psychopath or Sociopath

A

extreme version of the Antisocial Personality Disorder

55
Q

Biological causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

lower rate of conditioned responses to pain, danger, and electric shocks

Psych1000 (21 decks)

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