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Psych1000 > LCT12: Human Development > Flashcards

LCT12: Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

the study of how people grow, mature, and change over their lifespan

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2
Q

We are influenced by…

A

biology and environment… aka… nature and nurture

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3
Q

Prenatal development starts with?

A

Conception

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4
Q

Zygote

A

first cell of new potential life; fertilized egg

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5
Q

Germinal period

A

weeks 1-2

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6
Q

Embryo

A

the developing human organism, from 2 weeks to 2 months after conception

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7
Q

Embryonic period

A

weeks 3-8

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8
Q

Fetus

A

the developing human organism from 2 months after conception to birth

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9
Q

What happens between age 6 and 7?

A

intense synaptic growth

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10
Q

Fetal period

A

months 2-9

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11
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

the process, in later childhood, in which unused connections are eliminated
“use it or lose it”

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12
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

pattern of birth defects (stunted growth, facial deformity, and mental retardation) associated with alcohol consumption

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13
Q

Another name for fetal alcohol syndrome is…

A

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

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14
Q

Two ways that the brain matures

A

1) Myelination

2) Synaptic Pruning

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15
Q

Myelination

A

the formation of fatty sheaths around neurons that increases the speed of neuronal communication

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16
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

fatty sheath cells around neurons

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17
Q

What happens between age 6 and 7?

A

intense synaptic growth

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18
Q

What has happened around early adulthood? (early 20’s)

A

the frontal cortex is completely myelinated

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19
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

the process, in later childhood, in which unused connections are eliminated

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20
Q

Synaptic connections

A

links between neurons that allow communication

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21
Q

Critical or sensitive periods

A

times during which specific skills or behaviors are most easily acquired

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22
Q

When are language skills best developed?

A

in the first 5-10 years

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23
Q

Case study of Genie

A

“see text book for details”

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24
Q

Socioemotional Development

A

maturation of skills and abilities that help people live with other people

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25
Q

Attachment

A

deep and powerful emotional bond between infant and primary caretaker

26
Q

How is attachment important?

A

1) Biological function of attachment is survival = infant behaviors motivate caregivers’ attention and protection
2) The beginning of social and emotional development and therefore the basis of our future capacity for relationships

27
Q

Imprinting

A

in ducks and geese, instinctive tendency to follow the mother

28
Q

What did Harlow’s monkeys show?

A

the need for physical contact or contact comfort in attachment in primates

29
Q

John Bowlby

A
  • attachment provides a “secure base” for the child to explore the world and develop
  • early relationship becomes a schema for our sense of self and world
30
Q

Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” Test

A

a parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is staged in order to test the security of a child’s attachment

31
Q

Schemas

A

mental representations of the world

32
Q

Assimilation

A

new information is fit into existing schema

33
Q

Accommodation

A

schema is changed in response to new information

34
Q

Who developed a stage theory of development based on how children thought about the world?

A

Jean Piaget

35
Q

Four stages

A

1) sensorimotor
2) preoperational
3) concrete operational
4) formal operational

36
Q

Sensorimoter Stage

A

explore world through direct sensory contact

- birth to 2 years old

37
Q

Object permanence

A

awareness that objects continue to exist when they cannot be sean

38
Q

Preoperationl Stage

A

begin to think symbolically

- ages 2-7

39
Q

Conservation

A

the concept that physical properties do not change even if their appearance changes

40
Q

Centration

A

inability to think about more than one detail of a task at a time

41
Q

Egocentrism

A

tendency to view the world through one’s own experience

42
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

develop the ability to reason but only about concrete ideas

- ages 7-12

43
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

reasoning about abstract ideas

- ages 12 to adult

44
Q

Criticisms of Piaget

A
  • underestimates infants

- overestimates adolescents and adults

45
Q

Theory of Mind

A

the ability to explain and predict another person’s behavior as a result of recognizing that person’s mental state

46
Q

Empathy

A

understanding and feeling another’s emotional state

  • feeling “with” someone
  • beginnings of empathy begin early 1-2 years old
47
Q

Moral Reasoning

A

the way people think about and try to solve moral dilemmas

48
Q

Who presented moral dilemmas and developed a theory of moral reasoning?

A

Kohlberg

49
Q

What are the 3 levels of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

A

1) Preconventional
2) Conventional
3) Postconventional

50
Q

Preconventional Stage

A
  • earliest level
  • self-interest determines what is moral
  • answers oriented toward : self-interest or pleasurable outcomes
51
Q

Conventional Stage

A
  • middle level
  • rules and approval of others
  • answers oriented toward : societal rules, law and order, and approval of others
52
Q

Postconventional Stage

A
  • highest level
  • abstract principles/thinking
  • answers oriented toward : social contracts, not laws; ethical principles, value of all life
53
Q

More development is influenced by…

A

Parenting… by how they let their children -

  • express negative emotions
  • cope with negative emotions
  • promote the understanding of others
54
Q

Psychologist associated with Lifespan Development?

A

Erik Erikson

55
Q

Lifespan Development

A
  • theory emphasizes lifelong development
  • eight psychosocial stages of development
  • each stage represents a developmental task (crisis that must be resolved, personal competence or weakness)
56
Q

First four stages

A

Childhood:

  • trust vs. mistrust
  • autonomy vs. shame and doubt
  • initiative vs. guilt
  • industry vs. inferiority
57
Q

Last four stages

A

Adolescence to Adulthood:

  • identity vs. role confusion
  • intimacy vs. isolation
  • generativity vs. stagnation
  • integrity vs. despair
58
Q

Secure Attachment

A

The attachment style for a majority of infants; the infant is confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present and is readily comforted by the caregiver during time of distress. (60-65% of children)

59
Q

Insecure Attachment

A

The attachment style for a minority of infants; the infant may exhibit insecure attachment through various behaviors, such as avoiding contact with the caregiver, or by alternating between approach and avoidance behaviors. (35-40% of children)

60
Q

Gender Identity

A

Personal beliefs about whether one is male or female.

61
Q

Gender Roles

A

The characteristics associated with males and females because of cultural influence or learning.

62
Q

Gender Schemas

A

Cognitive structures that reflect the perceived appropriateness of male and female characteristics and behaviors.

Psych1000 (21 decks)

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