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Psych1000 > LCT12: Human Development > Flashcards

LCT12: Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

the study of how people grow, mature, and change over their lifespan

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2
Q

We are influenced by…

A

biology and environment… aka… nature and nurture

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3
Q

Prenatal development starts with?

A

Conception

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4
Q

Zygote

A

first cell of new potential life; fertilized egg

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5
Q

Germinal period

A

weeks 1-2

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6
Q

Embryo

A

the developing human organism, from 2 weeks to 2 months after conception

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7
Q

Embryonic period

A

weeks 3-8

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8
Q

Fetus

A

the developing human organism from 2 months after conception to birth

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9
Q

What happens between age 6 and 7?

A

intense synaptic growth

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10
Q

Fetal period

A

months 2-9

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11
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

the process, in later childhood, in which unused connections are eliminated
“use it or lose it”

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12
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

pattern of birth defects (stunted growth, facial deformity, and mental retardation) associated with alcohol consumption

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13
Q

Another name for fetal alcohol syndrome is…

A

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

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14
Q

Two ways that the brain matures

A

1) Myelination

2) Synaptic Pruning

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15
Q

Myelination

A

the formation of fatty sheaths around neurons that increases the speed of neuronal communication

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16
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

fatty sheath cells around neurons

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17
Q

What happens between age 6 and 7?

A

intense synaptic growth

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18
Q

What has happened around early adulthood? (early 20’s)

A

the frontal cortex is completely myelinated

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19
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

the process, in later childhood, in which unused connections are eliminated

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20
Q

Synaptic connections

A

links between neurons that allow communication

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21
Q

Critical or sensitive periods

A

times during which specific skills or behaviors are most easily acquired

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22
Q

When are language skills best developed?

A

in the first 5-10 years

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23
Q

Case study of Genie

A

“see text book for details”

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24
Q

Socioemotional Development

A

maturation of skills and abilities that help people live with other people

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25
Attachment
deep and powerful emotional bond between infant and primary caretaker
26
How is attachment important?
1) Biological function of attachment is survival = infant behaviors motivate caregivers' attention and protection 2) The beginning of social and emotional development and therefore the basis of our future capacity for relationships
27
Imprinting
in ducks and geese, instinctive tendency to follow the mother
28
What did Harlow's monkeys show?
the need for physical contact or contact comfort in attachment in primates
29
John Bowlby
- attachment provides a "secure base" for the child to explore the world and develop - early relationship becomes a schema for our sense of self and world
30
Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" Test
a parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in order to test the security of a child's attachment
31
Schemas
mental representations of the world
32
Assimilation
new information is fit into existing schema
33
Accommodation
schema is changed in response to new information
34
Who developed a stage theory of development based on how children thought about the world?
Jean Piaget
35
Four stages
1) sensorimotor 2) preoperational 3) concrete operational 4) formal operational
36
Sensorimoter Stage
explore world through direct sensory contact | - birth to 2 years old
37
Object permanence
awareness that objects continue to exist when they cannot be sean
38
Preoperationl Stage
begin to think symbolically | - ages 2-7
39
Conservation
the concept that physical properties do not change even if their appearance changes
40
Centration
inability to think about more than one detail of a task at a time
41
Egocentrism
tendency to view the world through one's own experience
42
Concrete Operational Stage
develop the ability to reason but only about concrete ideas | - ages 7-12
43
Formal Operational Stage
reasoning about abstract ideas | - ages 12 to adult
44
Criticisms of Piaget
- underestimates infants | - overestimates adolescents and adults
45
Theory of Mind
the ability to explain and predict another person's behavior as a result of recognizing that person's mental state
46
Empathy
understanding and feeling another's emotional state - feeling "with" someone - beginnings of empathy begin early 1-2 years old
47
Moral Reasoning
the way people think about and try to solve moral dilemmas
48
Who presented moral dilemmas and developed a theory of moral reasoning?
Kohlberg
49
What are the 3 levels of Kohlberg's moral reasoning?
1) Preconventional 2) Conventional 3) Postconventional
50
Preconventional Stage
- earliest level - self-interest determines what is moral - answers oriented toward : self-interest or pleasurable outcomes
51
Conventional Stage
- middle level - rules and approval of others - answers oriented toward : societal rules, law and order, and approval of others
52
Postconventional Stage
- highest level - abstract principles/thinking - answers oriented toward : social contracts, not laws; ethical principles, value of all life
53
More development is influenced by...
Parenting... by how they let their children - - express negative emotions - cope with negative emotions - promote the understanding of others
54
Psychologist associated with Lifespan Development?
Erik Erikson
55
Lifespan Development
- theory emphasizes lifelong development - eight psychosocial stages of development - each stage represents a developmental task (crisis that must be resolved, personal competence or weakness)
56
First four stages
Childhood: - trust vs. mistrust - autonomy vs. shame and doubt - initiative vs. guilt - industry vs. inferiority
57
Last four stages
Adolescence to Adulthood: - identity vs. role confusion - intimacy vs. isolation - generativity vs. stagnation - integrity vs. despair
58
Secure Attachment
The attachment style for a majority of infants; the infant is confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present and is readily comforted by the caregiver during time of distress. (60-65% of children)
59
Insecure Attachment
The attachment style for a minority of infants; the infant may exhibit insecure attachment through various behaviors, such as avoiding contact with the caregiver, or by alternating between approach and avoidance behaviors. (35-40% of children)
60
Gender Identity
Personal beliefs about whether one is male or female.
61
Gender Roles
The characteristics associated with males and females because of cultural influence or learning.
62
Gender Schemas
Cognitive structures that reflect the perceived appropriateness of male and female characteristics and behaviors.

Psych1000 (21 decks)

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