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Psych1000 > LCT11: Attention and Memory > Flashcards

LCT11: Attention and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are we often wrong about?

A

our experiences… both of the past and present

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2
Q

Attention

A

the process of focusing awareness on a narrowed aspect of the environment

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3
Q

Attention is…

A

selective

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4
Q

Change Blindness

A

missing large changes in environment

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5
Q

Memory

A

the process by which information - our experiences - are retained for later use OR the nervous systems capacity to acquire and retain skills and knowledge

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6
Q

Information processing model of memory

A

1) Encoding - processing information
2) Storage - retaining information
3) recalling information

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7
Q

Three-part model of memory

A

aka - Atkinson-Shiffrin

1) Sensory memory
2) Short-term or working memory
3) Long-term memory

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8
Q

Sensory Memory (Echoic and Iconic)

A

brief, fleeting sense information

  • Echoic = auditory
  • Iconic = visual
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9
Q

Short-Term memory

A
  • immediate, ACTIVE memory –> limited

- aka: Working Memory

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10
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

process of keeping information in STM by repeating it

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11
Q

Chunking

A

grouping items into larger wholes to aid memory

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12
Q

Long-Term memory

A
  • the virtually-unlimited storage of all memories

- likely permanent

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13
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

recall of a list depends on order

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14
Q

Primary Effect

A

better memory for first items (LTM)

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15
Q

Recency Effect

A

better memory for last items (STM or WM)

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16
Q

How does information get to LTM?

A

rehearsing… better way is elaboration.

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17
Q

Rehearsing

A

simple repetition.
- distributed vs. massed practice = multiple sessions better for memory than one session - ongoing studying is better than cramming

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18
Q

Elaboration

A

elaborative or meaningful encoding

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19
Q

Ways for elaborative encoding?

A

Visual imagery : converting information into mental pictures

Organization : noticing relationships among items

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20
Q

Long-Term memory is based on…

A

meaning = provides greater depth or breadth of processing (“deep processing”)

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21
Q

Self-reference

A

elaboration that links material to personal experience - highly effective for recall

22
Q

Schema

A

mental framework centering on a specific theme, that helps us to reorganize social information

23
Q

Schemas are.. and influence our…

A

Are… culture-bound

Our… memory

24
Q

Where is information stored?

A

Networks of Association or Semantic Networks

  • memories are stored throughout brain in connected networks
  • formed by nodes, or units, of information
  • nodes are linked together
  • spreading activation model
25
Q

Recognition is easier than…

A

recall

26
Q

What helps access the right information?

A

retrieval cues

27
Q

Recognition tasks contain…

A

retrieval cues

28
Q

Retrieval cues

A

reminders that trigger memories

29
Q

encoding specificity

A

any similes encoded along with an experience can later trigger one’s memory of that experience

30
Q

Context-Dependent Memory

A

recall is improved when recall situation is similar to encoding situation

31
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

recall is improved when internal states match during encoding and recall

32
Q

Long-term memory systems

A

Explicit memory and Implicit memory

33
Q

Explicit memory

A

system of conscious memory

- aka: declarative memory

34
Q

Declarative memory

A

information retrieved from explicit memory can be verbally discussed, stated, or declared
- facts, rules, concepts, events

35
Q

Two types of Explicit memory

A

Episodic - personal events

Semantic - knowledge

36
Q

Implicit memory

A

system of unconscious memories

  • influences our attitudes and associations
  • non-declarative = very hard to put implicit memories into words
37
Q

Procedural memory

A

knowing how to do things, skills, over learned info, habits

38
Q

What parts of the brain are key for memory? Who found this observation?

A

Hippocampus and the medial temporal lobes

- case of H.M.

39
Q

consolidation

A

converting short-term memories into permanent storage

40
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

the strengthening of the synaptic connection so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated

41
Q

Candidate for neural basis of… and for the movement of what…where?

A

basis of learning… and movement of memories from STM to LTM

42
Q

Forgetting

A

decay, interference, amnesia

43
Q

Distortion

A

suggestibility, bias - eyewitness testimony and false memories

44
Q

Decay

A

aka: transience = the pattern of forgetting things over time

45
Q

Forgetting appears due to the…

A

interference of other information

46
Q

Proactive

A

old information interferes with learning new

47
Q

Retroactive

A

new information interferes with remembering old

48
Q

Amnesia

A

deficit in long-term memory - causes by both injury or disease

49
Q

Basic types of amnesia

A

Retrograde Amnesia = the inability to recall past memories

Anterograde Amnesia = the inability to form new memories

50
Q

Memory distortion means that…

A

people are often bad eyewitnesses

- particularly when trying to identify persons of other ethnicities (bias)

51
Q

Suggestibility

A

tendency to incorporate misleading information into our own memories

52
Q

Misinformation can lead to…

A

false memories

Psych1000 (21 decks)

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