LCT11: Attention and Memory

Question 1

What are we often wrong about?

Answer 1

our experiences… both of the past and present

Question 2

Attention

Answer 2

the process of focusing awareness on a narrowed aspect of the environment

Question 3

Attention is…

Answer 3

selective

Question 4

Change Blindness

Answer 4

missing large changes in environment

Question 5

Memory

Answer 5

the process by which information - our experiences - are retained for later use OR the nervous systems capacity to acquire and retain skills and knowledge

Question 6

Information processing model of memory

Answer 6

1) Encoding - processing information
2) Storage - retaining information
3) recalling information

Question 7

Three-part model of memory

Answer 7

aka - Atkinson-Shiffrin

1) Sensory memory
2) Short-term or working memory
3) Long-term memory

Question 8

Sensory Memory (Echoic and Iconic)

Answer 8

brief, fleeting sense information

• Echoic = auditory
• Iconic = visual

Question 9

Short-Term memory

Answer 9

• immediate, ACTIVE memory –> limited

- aka: Working Memory

Question 10

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 10

process of keeping information in STM by repeating it

Question 11

Chunking

Answer 11

grouping items into larger wholes to aid memory

Question 12

Long-Term memory

Answer 12

• the virtually-unlimited storage of all memories

- likely permanent

Question 13

Serial Position Effect

Answer 13

recall of a list depends on order

Question 14

Primary Effect

Answer 14

better memory for first items (LTM)

Question 15

Recency Effect

Answer 15

better memory for last items (STM or WM)

Question 16

How does information get to LTM?

Answer 16

rehearsing… better way is elaboration.

Question 17

Rehearsing

Answer 17

simple repetition.
- distributed vs. massed practice = multiple sessions better for memory than one session - ongoing studying is better than cramming

Question 18

Elaboration

Answer 18

elaborative or meaningful encoding

Question 19

Ways for elaborative encoding?

Answer 19

Visual imagery : converting information into mental pictures

Organization : noticing relationships among items

Question 20

Long-Term memory is based on…

Answer 20

meaning = provides greater depth or breadth of processing (“deep processing”)

Question 21

Self-reference

Answer 21

elaboration that links material to personal experience - highly effective for recall

Question 22

Schema

Answer 22

mental framework centering on a specific theme, that helps us to reorganize social information

Question 23

Schemas are.. and influence our…

Answer 23

Are… culture-bound

Our… memory

Question 24

Where is information stored?

Answer 24

Networks of Association or Semantic Networks

• memories are stored throughout brain in connected networks
• formed by nodes, or units, of information
• nodes are linked together
• spreading activation model

Question 25

Recognition is easier than...

Answer 25

recall

Question 26

What helps access the right information?

Answer 26

retrieval cues

Question 27

Recognition tasks contain...

Answer 27

retrieval cues

Question 28

Retrieval cues

Answer 28

reminders that trigger memories

Question 29

encoding specificity

Answer 29

any similes encoded along with an experience can later trigger one's memory of that experience

Question 30

Context-Dependent Memory

Answer 30

recall is improved when recall situation is similar to encoding situation

Question 31

State-Dependent Memory

Answer 31

recall is improved when internal states match during encoding and recall

Question 32

Long-term memory systems

Answer 32

Explicit memory and Implicit memory

Question 33

Explicit memory

Answer 33

system of conscious memory | - aka: declarative memory

Question 34

Declarative memory

Answer 34

information retrieved from explicit memory can be verbally discussed, stated, or declared - facts, rules, concepts, events

Question 35

Two types of Explicit memory

Answer 35

Episodic - personal events | Semantic - knowledge

Question 36

Implicit memory

Answer 36

system of unconscious memories - influences our attitudes and associations - non-declarative = very hard to put implicit memories into words

Question 37

Procedural memory

Answer 37

knowing how to do things, skills, over learned info, habits

Question 38

What parts of the brain are key for memory? Who found this observation?

Answer 38

Hippocampus and the medial temporal lobes | - case of H.M.

Question 39

consolidation

Answer 39

converting short-term memories into permanent storage

Question 40

Long-term potentiation

Answer 40

the strengthening of the synaptic connection so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated

Question 41

Candidate for neural basis of... and for the movement of what...where?

Answer 41

basis of learning... and movement of memories from STM to LTM

Question 42

Forgetting

Answer 42

decay, interference, amnesia

Question 43

Distortion

Answer 43

suggestibility, bias - eyewitness testimony and false memories

Question 44

Decay

Answer 44

aka: transience = the pattern of forgetting things over time

Question 45

Forgetting appears due to the...

Answer 45

interference of other information

Question 46

Proactive

Answer 46

old information interferes with learning new

Question 47

Retroactive

Answer 47

new information interferes with remembering old

Question 48

Amnesia

Answer 48

deficit in long-term memory - causes by both injury or disease

Question 49

Basic types of amnesia

Answer 49

Retrograde Amnesia = the inability to recall past memories | Anterograde Amnesia = the inability to form new memories

Question 50

Memory distortion means that...

Answer 50

people are often bad eyewitnesses | - particularly when trying to identify persons of other ethnicities (bias)

Question 51

Suggestibility

Answer 51

tendency to incorporate misleading information into our own memories

Question 52

Misinformation can lead to...

Answer 52

false memories