Final Review - E3 Flashcards by Tyler Ritter

Sense of Gustation

receptor cells are in the taste cells inside the taste buds

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Little Albert Study

done by Watson on the clinical phenomenon of phobias

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Gestalt Psychologists

first psychologists to emphasize the organizing process underlying perception

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Similarity

naturally grouping objects that look alike

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Proactive

old information interferes with learning new

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Retroactive

new information interferes with remembering old

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Bandura

observational learning

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Processing Model

encoding – storage – retrieval

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Theory of Mind

our ability to recognize that others have mental states that might explain their behavior

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Antisocial Personality

Disorder characterized by lack of empathy and remorse – individuals have reduced psychophysiological response to aversive stimuli

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Marriage and Health

married individuals are healthier than singles

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Eysnck’s View

people who score low on the emotional stability scale tend to experience much mood variability

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Defense mechanisms

unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from distress, conflict, and desires

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Stages of Moral Reason

Kohlberg – pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

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Myelination

increases the speed at which a neuron can transmit signals

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Trait

a characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling

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Personality

distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes a person throughout life

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Positive Schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations, loosening of associations, disorganized behavior (neurotransmitter abnormalities)

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Negative Schizophrenia

behavioral deficits (structural deficits in the brain)

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Genetics

accounts for 40-60% of differences between individuals’ personality traits

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Personality Stability

personality has a biological basis that can be measured in infancy and contributes to the overall stability of personality throughout the life span

Theory of Development

important cognitive and social changes occur across the entire life span

Attachment

it is the beginnings of social development, it helps an infant and child survive, is the basis of a human’s capacity for future relationships

Zygote

first cell of new potential life; fertilized egg

Embryo

the developing human organism, from 2 weeks to 2 months after conception

Fetus

the developing human organism from 2 months after conception to birth

Locus of Control

individuals differ in terms of their expectancies for reinforcement and how much they believe their own efforts will lead to good outcomes

a primitive and unconscious part of personality that contains basic drives and instincts - operates according to the Pleasure Principle ("I want it, and I want it NOW")

Superego

internalized rules of society and parents; moral ideas and conscience ("you should be ashamed of yourself")

Ego

the part of the personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the Id while being responsive to the rules of the Superego (mediates between the two)

Strange-Situation Test

allows psychologists to assess a child’s attachment to the primary caregiver (Ainswoth)

Teratogens

include any chemical in the environment that negatively affects a developing embryo or fetus

Temperamental Differences

thought to be primarily a function of underlying differences in biological processes

Assimilation

new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas

Accommodation

existing schemas are altered to include the new experiences

Diathesis-Stress Model

disorders caused by an interaction between vulnerability and stress (interaction between underlying predispositions and stressors)

Borderline Personality Disorder

associated with a history of trauma or abuse, although biological factors are likely also involved

Oral Fixation

problems feeding or weaning can cause later need for oral gratification (eating, drinking, smoking OR acting needy, dependent, demanding, passive)

Anal Fixation

problems with toilet training or learning self-control (parent too harsh or rigid) can lead to becoming anal-retentive or anal-expulsive

Phallic Fixation

prohibiting genital exploration can lead to excessive masculinity or femininity

Object permanence

awareness that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen

Egocentrism

tendency to view the world through one's own experience

Piaget’s Stages

Sensorimoter Stage, Preoperationl Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, Formal Operational Stage

Sensorimoter

explore world through direct sensory contact - birth to 2 years old

Preoperational

begin to think symbolically - ages 2-7

Concrete Operational

develop the ability to reason but only about concrete ideas – ages 7-12

Formal Operational

reasoning about abstract ideas - ages 12 to adult

Harlow Monkey’s

contact comfort is important for healthy social development

Learned Helplessness

people think they have no control over the outcomes they experience

Trait Theories

provide a descriptive framework for personality and can predict behavior