Final Review - E3 Flashcards
Sense of Gustation
receptor cells are in the taste cells inside the taste buds
Little Albert Study
done by Watson on the clinical phenomenon of phobias
Gestalt Psychologists
first psychologists to emphasize the organizing process underlying perception
Similarity
naturally grouping objects that look alike
Proactive
old information interferes with learning new
Retroactive
new information interferes with remembering old
Bandura
observational learning
Processing Model
encoding – storage – retrieval
Theory of Mind
our ability to recognize that others have mental states that might explain their behavior
Antisocial Personality
Disorder characterized by lack of empathy and remorse – individuals have reduced psychophysiological response to aversive stimuli
Marriage and Health
married individuals are healthier than singles
Eysnck’s View
people who score low on the emotional stability scale tend to experience much mood variability
Defense mechanisms
unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from distress, conflict, and desires
Stages of Moral Reason
Kohlberg – pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
Myelination
increases the speed at which a neuron can transmit signals
Trait
a characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling
Personality
distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes a person throughout life
Positive Schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, loosening of associations, disorganized behavior (neurotransmitter abnormalities)
Negative Schizophrenia
behavioral deficits (structural deficits in the brain)
Genetics
accounts for 40-60% of differences between individuals’ personality traits
Personality Stability
personality has a biological basis that can be measured in infancy and contributes to the overall stability of personality throughout the life span
Theory of Development
important cognitive and social changes occur across the entire life span
Attachment
it is the beginnings of social development, it helps an infant and child survive, is the basis of a human’s capacity for future relationships
Zygote
first cell of new potential life; fertilized egg
Embryo
the developing human organism, from 2 weeks to 2 months after conception
Fetus
the developing human organism from 2 months after conception to birth
Locus of Control
individuals differ in terms of their expectancies for reinforcement and how much they believe their own efforts will lead to good outcomes
Id
a primitive and unconscious part of personality that contains basic drives and instincts - operates according to the Pleasure Principle (“I want it, and I want it NOW”)
Superego
internalized rules of society and parents; moral ideas and conscience (“you should be ashamed of yourself”)
Ego
the part of the personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the Id while being responsive to the rules of the Superego (mediates between the two)
Strange-Situation Test
allows psychologists to assess a child’s attachment to the primary caregiver (Ainswoth)
Teratogens
include any chemical in the environment that negatively affects a developing embryo or fetus
Temperamental Differences
thought to be primarily a function of underlying differences in biological processes
Assimilation
new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas
Accommodation
existing schemas are altered to include the new experiences
Diathesis-Stress Model
disorders caused by an interaction between vulnerability and stress (interaction between underlying predispositions and stressors)
Borderline Personality Disorder
associated with a history of trauma or abuse, although biological factors are likely also involved
Oral Fixation
problems feeding or weaning can cause later need for oral gratification (eating, drinking, smoking OR acting needy, dependent, demanding, passive)
Anal Fixation
problems with toilet training or learning self-control (parent too harsh or rigid) can lead to becoming anal-retentive or anal-expulsive
Phallic Fixation
prohibiting genital exploration can lead to excessive masculinity or femininity
Object permanence
awareness that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen
Egocentrism
tendency to view the world through one’s own experience
Piaget’s Stages
Sensorimoter Stage, Preoperationl Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, Formal Operational Stage
Sensorimoter
explore world through direct sensory contact - birth to 2 years old
Preoperational
begin to think symbolically - ages 2-7
Concrete Operational
develop the ability to reason but only about concrete ideas – ages 7-12
Formal Operational
reasoning about abstract ideas - ages 12 to adult
Harlow Monkey’s
contact comfort is important for healthy social development
Learned Helplessness
people think they have no control over the outcomes they experience
Trait Theories
provide a descriptive framework for personality and can predict behavior
