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Law > Law midterm > Flashcards

Law midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Agglutination-

A

Clumping of cells caused by an antigen-antibody response

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2
Q

Allele-

A

An alternative form of a gene

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3
Q

Amorphous-

A

Without a defined shape; fibers composed of a loose arrangement of polymers that are soft, elastic, and absorbing (for example, cotton)

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4
Q

Analytical skills-

A

The ability to identify a concept or problem, to isolate its component parts, to organize information for decision-making, to establish criteria for evaluation, and to draw appropriate conclusions

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5
Q

Angiosperm-

A

A flowering plant that produces seeds within a fruit

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6
Q

Angle of impact-

A

Angle at which blood strikes a target surface relative to the horizontal plane of the target surface

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7
Q

Antibodies-

A

Proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to specific antigens

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8
Q

Antigens-

A

Substance that provokes an immune response in the body

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9
Q

Antigen-antibody response-

A

Reaction in which antibodies attach to specific antigens; causes agglutination in cross-blood-type transfusions

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10
Q

Area of convergence-

A

Two-dimensional view of the intersection of lines formed by drawing a line through the main axis of at least two drops of blood that indicates the general area of the source of the blood spatter

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11
Q

Area of origin-

A

The location of a blood source viewed in three dimensions as determined by projecting angles of impact of individual bloodstains

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12
Q

Arch-

A

A fingerprint pattern in which the ridge pattern originates from one side of the print and continues to the other side

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13
Q

Assemblage

A

Group of plant species in an area dominated by one species that share the same habitat requirements

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14
Q

Cast-off pattern-

A

Blood projected onto a surface as a result of being flung from an object in motion

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15
Q

Chain of Custody-

A

The documented and unbroken transfer of evidence

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16
Q

Chromosome-

A

Nuclear cell structure that contains DNA in humans

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17
Q

Circumstantial evidence-

A

(indirect evidence) evidence used to imply a fact but not support it directly

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18
Q

Class evidence-

A

material that connects an individual or thing to a certain group (see individual evidence)

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19
Q

Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)-

A

The FBI’s computerized criminal DNA databases as well as the software used to run these databases; includes the National DNA Index System (NDIS)

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20
Q

Comparison microscope-

A

A compound microscope that allows the side-by-side comparison of samples, such as hair or fibers

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21
Q

Core-

A

A center of a loop

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22
Q

Cortex-

A

The region of a hair located outside the medulla that contains granules of pigment

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23
Q

Crime-scene investigation-

A

A multidisciplinary approach in which scientific and legal professionals work together to solve a crime

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24
Q

Crime-scene reconstruction-

A

A hypothesis of the sequences of events from before the crime was committed through its commission

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25
Q

Crystalline-

A

Geometrically shaped; fibers composed of polymers packed side by side, which makes them stiff and strong (for example, flax)

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26
Q

Cuticle-

A

The tough outer covering of a hair that is composed of overlapping scales

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27
Q

Datum point-

A

A permanent, fixed point of reference used in mapping a crime scene

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28
Q

Deductive reasoning-

A

Deriving a conclusion from the facts using a series of logical steps

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29
Q

Delta-

A

A triangular ridge pattern

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30
Q

Direct evidence-

A

Evidence that (if authentic) supports an alleged fact of a case

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31
Q

Direct transfer-

A

The passing of evidence, such as a fiber, from victim to suspect or vice versa

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32
Q

DNA fingerprint (profile);

A

Pattern of DNA fragments obtained by analyzing a person’s unique sequences of noncoding DNA

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33
Q

Electrophoresis

A

A method of separating molecules, such as DNA, according to size

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34
Q

Eyewitness-

A

A person who has seen someone or something related to a crime and can communicate his or her observations

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35
Q

Exon-

A

portion of gene that is expressed

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36
Q

Fact-

A

A statement of information that can be verified

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37
Q

Fiber-

A

The smallest indivisible unit of a textile, it must be at least 100 times longer than wide

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38
Q

Fingerprint-

A

An impression left on any surface that consists of patterns made by the ridges on a finger

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39
Q

First responder-

A

The first safety official to arrive at a crime scene

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40
Q

Forensic-

A

Relating to the application of scientific knowledge to legal questions

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41
Q

Forensic botany-

A

The application of plant science to crime-scene analysis or the resolution of criminal cases

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42
Q

Forensic palynology-

A

The use of pollen and spore evidence to help solve criminal cases

43
Q

Gas chromatography-

A

A method of separating chemicals to establish their quantities

44
Q

Gene-

A

Segment of DNA that codes for a trait

45
Q

Genome-

A

All the DNA found in human cells

46
Q

Gymnosperm-

A

A plant with “naked” seeds that are not enclosed in a protective organ (fruit); most are evergreens

47
Q

Hair follicle-

A

The actively growing base of a hair that contains DNA and living cells

48
Q

Hair shaft-

A

Part of the hair above the follicle; contains mitochondrial DNA

49
Q

IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System)-

A

FBI-developed national database of more than 76 million criminal fingerprints and criminal histories

50
Q

Individual evidence-

A

A kind of evidence that identifies a particular person or thing

51
Q

Intron-

A

Portion of a gene that is not expressed

52
Q

Karyotype-

A

A picture of the paired homologous chromosomes and sex chromosomes in a cell

53
Q

Keratin-

A

A type of fibrous protein that makes up the majority of the cortex of a hair

54
Q

Latent fingerprint-

A

A concealed fingerprint made visible through the use of powders or forensic techniques

55
Q

Logical-

A

Reasoned from facts

56
Q

Loop-

A

A fingerprint pattern in which the ridge pattern flows inward and returns in the direction of the origin

57
Q

Medulla-

A

The central core of a hair

58
Q

Melanin granules-

A

Bits of pigment found in the cortex of a hair

59
Q

Mineral fiber-

A

A collection of mineral crystals formed into a recognizable pattern

60
Q

Minutiae-

A

The combination of details in the shapes and positions of ridges in fingerprints that makes each unique; also called ridge characteristics

61
Q

Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA)-

A

Genetic material in the mitochondria of the cytoplasm of a cell; only inherited from the mother

62
Q

Monomer-

A

Small, repeating molecules that can link to form polymers

63
Q

Natural fibers-

A

A fiber produced naturally and harvested from animal, plant, or mineral sources

64
Q

Nuclear DNA-

A

Genetic material in the nucleus of a cell

65
Q

Observations-

A

What a person perceives using his or her senses

66
Q

Opinion-

A

Personal belief founded on judgment rather than on direct experience or knowledge

67
Q

Palynology-

A

The study of pollen and spores

68
Q

Paper bindle-

A

A folded paper used to hold trace evidence

69
Q

Passive drop-

A

Blood drop created solely as a result of gravity

70
Q

Patent fingerprint

A

A visible fingerprint produced when fingers coated with blood, ink, or some other substance touch a surface and transfer their print to that surface

71
Q

Perception-

A

Information received from the senses

72
Q

Pistil-

A

The female reproductive part of a flower where eggs are produced

73
Q

Plastic fingerprint-

A

A three-dimensional fingerprint made in a soft material such as clay, soap, or putty

74
Q

Pollen “fingerprint”-

A

Also called a pollen profile, the number and type of pollen grains found in a geographic area at a particular time of year

75
Q

Pollen grain-

A

A reproductive structure that contains the male gametes of seed plants

76
Q

Pollination-

A

The transfer of pollen from the male part to the female part of a seed plant

77
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-

A

A method of amplifying (duplicating) minute amounts of DNA evidence for use in investigations

78
Q

Polymorphism-

A

Region of repeating DNA within an intron that is highly variable from person to person

79
Q

Postmortem interval (PMI)-

A

Time elapsed between a person’s death and discovery of the body

80
Q

Polymer-

A

A substance composed of long chains of repeating molecules (monomers)

81
Q

Primary crime scene-

A

The location where the crime took place

82
Q

Primer-

A

Sequence of DNA added to trigger replication of a specific section of DNA

83
Q

Restriction enzyme-

A

“molecular scissors”; a molecule that cuts a DNA molecule at a specific base sequences

84
Q

Restriction fragment-

A

DNA fragment that restriction enzymes create, as in preparation for gel electrophoresis

85
Q

Ridge count-

A

The number of ridges between the center of a delta and the core of a loop

86
Q

Ridge pattern-

A

The recognizable pattern of the ridges found in the end pads of fingers that form lines on the surfaces of objects in a fingerprint. They fall into three categories; arches, loops, and whorls

87
Q

Satellite-

A

Smaller droplets of blood projected from larger drops of blood upon impact with a surface

88
Q

Secondary crime scene-

A

A location other than the primary crime scene, but that is related to the crime; where evidence is found

89
Q

Secondary transfer-

A

The transfer of evidence such as a fiber from a source (for example, a carpet) to a person (suspect), and then to another person (victim).

90
Q

Short tandem repeats (STR)-

A

Sequence of repeating bases in noncoding regions of DNA that are used in DNA profiling

91
Q

Spine-

A

Elongated blood streaks radiating away from the center of a bloodstain

92
Q

Spore-

A

An asexual reproductive structure that can develop into an adult found in certain protists (algae) and plants and fungi

93
Q

Stamen-

A

The male reproductive part of a flower consisting of the anther and filament where pollen is produced

94
Q

Swipe-

A

Blood pattern resulting from a lateral transfer from a moving source onto another surface

95
Q

Synthetic fiber-

A

A fiber made from a manufactured substance such as plastic

96
Q

Ten card-

A

A form used to record and preserve a person’s fingerprints

97
Q

Textile-

A

A flexible, flat material made by interlacing yarns (or threads)

98
Q

Trace evidence-

A

Small but measurable amounts of physical or biological material found at a crime scene

99
Q

Triangulation-

A

A mathematical method of estimating the positions of objects at a location such as a crime scene, given locations of stationary objects

100
Q

Warp-

A

A lengthwise yarn or thread in a weave

101
Q

Weft-

A

A crosswise yarn or thread in a weave

102
Q

Whorl-

A

A fingerprint pattern that resembles a bull’s eye

103
Q

Wipe-

A

Smeared blood pattern created when an object moves through blood that is not completely dried

104
Q

Yarn (thread)-

A

Fibers that have been spun together

Law (37 decks)

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