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Law midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Agglutination-

A

Clumping of cells caused by an antigen-antibody response

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2
Q

Allele-

A

An alternative form of a gene

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3
Q

Amorphous-

A

Without a defined shape; fibers composed of a loose arrangement of polymers that are soft, elastic, and absorbing (for example, cotton)

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4
Q

Analytical skills-

A

The ability to identify a concept or problem, to isolate its component parts, to organize information for decision-making, to establish criteria for evaluation, and to draw appropriate conclusions

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5
Q

Angiosperm-

A

A flowering plant that produces seeds within a fruit

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6
Q

Angle of impact-

A

Angle at which blood strikes a target surface relative to the horizontal plane of the target surface

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7
Q

Antibodies-

A

Proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to specific antigens

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8
Q

Antigens-

A

Substance that provokes an immune response in the body

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9
Q

Antigen-antibody response-

A

Reaction in which antibodies attach to specific antigens; causes agglutination in cross-blood-type transfusions

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10
Q

Area of convergence-

A

Two-dimensional view of the intersection of lines formed by drawing a line through the main axis of at least two drops of blood that indicates the general area of the source of the blood spatter

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11
Q

Area of origin-

A

The location of a blood source viewed in three dimensions as determined by projecting angles of impact of individual bloodstains

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12
Q

Arch-

A

A fingerprint pattern in which the ridge pattern originates from one side of the print and continues to the other side

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13
Q

Assemblage

A

Group of plant species in an area dominated by one species that share the same habitat requirements

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14
Q

Cast-off pattern-

A

Blood projected onto a surface as a result of being flung from an object in motion

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15
Q

Chain of Custody-

A

The documented and unbroken transfer of evidence

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16
Q

Chromosome-

A

Nuclear cell structure that contains DNA in humans

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17
Q

Circumstantial evidence-

A

(indirect evidence) evidence used to imply a fact but not support it directly

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18
Q

Class evidence-

A

material that connects an individual or thing to a certain group (see individual evidence)

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19
Q

Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)-

A

The FBI’s computerized criminal DNA databases as well as the software used to run these databases; includes the National DNA Index System (NDIS)

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20
Q

Comparison microscope-

A

A compound microscope that allows the side-by-side comparison of samples, such as hair or fibers

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21
Q

Core-

A

A center of a loop

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22
Q

Cortex-

A

The region of a hair located outside the medulla that contains granules of pigment

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23
Q

Crime-scene investigation-

A

A multidisciplinary approach in which scientific and legal professionals work together to solve a crime

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24
Q

Crime-scene reconstruction-

A

A hypothesis of the sequences of events from before the crime was committed through its commission

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25
Crystalline-
Geometrically shaped; fibers composed of polymers packed side by side, which makes them stiff and strong (for example, flax)
26
Cuticle-
The tough outer covering of a hair that is composed of overlapping scales
27
Datum point-
A permanent, fixed point of reference used in mapping a crime scene
28
Deductive reasoning-
Deriving a conclusion from the facts using a series of logical steps
29
Delta-
A triangular ridge pattern
30
Direct evidence-
Evidence that (if authentic) supports an alleged fact of a case
31
Direct transfer-
The passing of evidence, such as a fiber, from victim to suspect or vice versa
32
DNA fingerprint (profile);
Pattern of DNA fragments obtained by analyzing a person’s unique sequences of noncoding DNA
33
Electrophoresis
A method of separating molecules, such as DNA, according to size
34
Eyewitness-
A person who has seen someone or something related to a crime and can communicate his or her observations
35
Exon-
portion of gene that is expressed
36
Fact-
A statement of information that can be verified
37
Fiber-
The smallest indivisible unit of a textile, it must be at least 100 times longer than wide
38
Fingerprint-
An impression left on any surface that consists of patterns made by the ridges on a finger
39
First responder-
The first safety official to arrive at a crime scene
40
Forensic-
Relating to the application of scientific knowledge to legal questions
41
Forensic botany-
The application of plant science to crime-scene analysis or the resolution of criminal cases
42
Forensic palynology-
The use of pollen and spore evidence to help solve criminal cases
43
Gas chromatography-
A method of separating chemicals to establish their quantities
44
Gene-
Segment of DNA that codes for a trait
45
Genome-
All the DNA found in human cells
46
Gymnosperm-
A plant with “naked” seeds that are not enclosed in a protective organ (fruit); most are evergreens
47
Hair follicle-
The actively growing base of a hair that contains DNA and living cells
48
Hair shaft-
Part of the hair above the follicle; contains mitochondrial DNA
49
IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System)-
FBI-developed national database of more than 76 million criminal fingerprints and criminal histories
50
Individual evidence-
A kind of evidence that identifies a particular person or thing
51
Intron-
Portion of a gene that is not expressed
52
Karyotype-
A picture of the paired homologous chromosomes and sex chromosomes in a cell
53
Keratin-
A type of fibrous protein that makes up the majority of the cortex of a hair
54
Latent fingerprint-
A concealed fingerprint made visible through the use of powders or forensic techniques
55
Logical-
Reasoned from facts
56
Loop-
A fingerprint pattern in which the ridge pattern flows inward and returns in the direction of the origin
57
Medulla-
The central core of a hair
58
Melanin granules-
Bits of pigment found in the cortex of a hair
59
Mineral fiber-
A collection of mineral crystals formed into a recognizable pattern
60
Minutiae-
The combination of details in the shapes and positions of ridges in fingerprints that makes each unique; also called ridge characteristics
61
Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA)-
Genetic material in the mitochondria of the cytoplasm of a cell; only inherited from the mother
62
Monomer-
Small, repeating molecules that can link to form polymers
63
Natural fibers-
A fiber produced naturally and harvested from animal, plant, or mineral sources
64
Nuclear DNA-
Genetic material in the nucleus of a cell
65
Observations-
What a person perceives using his or her senses
66
Opinion-
Personal belief founded on judgment rather than on direct experience or knowledge
67
Palynology-
The study of pollen and spores
68
Paper bindle-
A folded paper used to hold trace evidence
69
Passive drop-
Blood drop created solely as a result of gravity
70
Patent fingerprint
A visible fingerprint produced when fingers coated with blood, ink, or some other substance touch a surface and transfer their print to that surface
71
Perception-
Information received from the senses
72
Pistil-
The female reproductive part of a flower where eggs are produced
73
Plastic fingerprint-
A three-dimensional fingerprint made in a soft material such as clay, soap, or putty
74
Pollen “fingerprint”-
Also called a pollen profile, the number and type of pollen grains found in a geographic area at a particular time of year
75
Pollen grain-
A reproductive structure that contains the male gametes of seed plants
76
Pollination-
The transfer of pollen from the male part to the female part of a seed plant
77
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-
A method of amplifying (duplicating) minute amounts of DNA evidence for use in investigations
78
Polymorphism-
Region of repeating DNA within an intron that is highly variable from person to person
79
Postmortem interval (PMI)-
Time elapsed between a person’s death and discovery of the body
80
Polymer-
A substance composed of long chains of repeating molecules (monomers)
81
Primary crime scene-
The location where the crime took place
82
Primer-
Sequence of DNA added to trigger replication of a specific section of DNA
83
Restriction enzyme-
“molecular scissors”; a molecule that cuts a DNA molecule at a specific base sequences
84
Restriction fragment-
DNA fragment that restriction enzymes create, as in preparation for gel electrophoresis
85
Ridge count-
The number of ridges between the center of a delta and the core of a loop
86
Ridge pattern-
The recognizable pattern of the ridges found in the end pads of fingers that form lines on the surfaces of objects in a fingerprint. They fall into three categories; arches, loops, and whorls
87
Satellite-
Smaller droplets of blood projected from larger drops of blood upon impact with a surface
88
Secondary crime scene-
A location other than the primary crime scene, but that is related to the crime; where evidence is found
89
Secondary transfer-
The transfer of evidence such as a fiber from a source (for example, a carpet) to a person (suspect), and then to another person (victim).
90
Short tandem repeats (STR)-
Sequence of repeating bases in noncoding regions of DNA that are used in DNA profiling
91
Spine-
Elongated blood streaks radiating away from the center of a bloodstain
92
Spore-
An asexual reproductive structure that can develop into an adult found in certain protists (algae) and plants and fungi
93
Stamen-
The male reproductive part of a flower consisting of the anther and filament where pollen is produced
94
Swipe-
Blood pattern resulting from a lateral transfer from a moving source onto another surface
95
Synthetic fiber-
A fiber made from a manufactured substance such as plastic
96
Ten card-
A form used to record and preserve a person’s fingerprints
97
Textile-
A flexible, flat material made by interlacing yarns (or threads)
98
Trace evidence-
Small but measurable amounts of physical or biological material found at a crime scene
99
Triangulation-
A mathematical method of estimating the positions of objects at a location such as a crime scene, given locations of stationary objects
100
Warp-
A lengthwise yarn or thread in a weave
101
Weft-
A crosswise yarn or thread in a weave
102
Whorl-
A fingerprint pattern that resembles a bull’s eye
103
Wipe-
Smeared blood pattern created when an object moves through blood that is not completely dried
104
Yarn (thread)-
Fibers that have been spun together

Law (43 decks)

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