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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who are most likely to be victims of crime? Low income city dwellers or wealthy city dwellers?

A

Low income city dwellers

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2
Q

Are victims generally to blame for crime that occurs against them?

A

False

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3
Q

Where is the fear of crime the greatest? (suburbs, city, urban)

A

Urban areas where people have lower salaries

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4
Q

Public opinion polls indicate what percentage of Americans are actually afraid to walk in their neighborhood at night?

A

36%

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5
Q

Labeling theory is an example of what kind of theory?

A

Labeling theory is an example of Social process theories

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6
Q

Are most theories about crime based on men, women, or both?

A

Men

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7
Q

What is the cost of crime?

A

Economic, psychological and emotional, fear, and lifestyle restrictions

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8
Q

Know who Cecsar Lombroso is and what his theory/belief is

A

(1835-1909)He was medically trained and believed that physical traits distinguished criminals from law-abiding citizens. 1. Certain people are born criminals with criminogenic traits, they have primitive physical traits like strong canine and huge haws, 3. These traits are acquired through hereditary or through alcoholism, epilepsy, or syphilis.

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9
Q

What is the Lifestyle exposure theory

A

The lifestyle-exposure theory is an approach to understand the unequal distribution of crime and victimization that examines the differential exposure to crime of demographic groups, such as the young or the poor, based on where they live and work and engage in leisure activities.

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10
Q

Is race a key factor in the exposure to crime?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Does TV affect people’s fear of being victimized?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Marxism is an example of what kind of theory

A

Marxism holds that the class structure causes certain groups to be labeled as deviant based on their shared characteristics and that criminal law is targeted at these people. Is an example of social conflict theories

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13
Q

If you are a victim of a crime can you file a lawsuit against the offender that injured you?

A

Yes.

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14
Q

Would the reduction in crime increase or reduce the fear of crime?

A

It would not reduce, fear exceeds victimization risks.

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15
Q

Know what classical criminology is

A

Views behavior as stemming from free will, that demands responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators and that stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others.

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16
Q

What is meant by repetitive victimization?

A

The victimization of an individual or household by more than one crime during a relatively short period of time.

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17
Q

Do most theories about crime focus on both the poor and the wealthy?

A

The poor

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18
Q

According to research, has the number of women being arrested increased or decreased significantly in recent times?

A

increased

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19
Q

In what areas do people generally have the least fear of crime?

A

Those living in high income rural areas

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20
Q

Control theory

A

Theories holding that criminal behavior occurs when the bonds that tie an individual to society are broken or weakened.

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21
Q

Labeling theory

A

Theories emphasize that the causes of criminal behavior are found not in the individual but in the social process that labels certain acts as deviant or criminal.

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22
Q

Learning theory

A

Theories that see criminal behavior as learned, just as legal behavior is learned.

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23
Q

Conflict theory

A

Theories that assume criminal law and the criminal justice system are primarily a means of controlling the poor and the have-nots.

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24
Q

Know biological explanations for crime

A

Explanations of crime that emphasize physiological and neurological factors that may predispose a person to commit crimes.

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25
Q

Know psychological explanations for crime

A

Explanations of crime that emphasize mental processes and behavior

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26
Q

Know criminogenic explanations for crime

A

Certain factors bring about criminal behavior in an individual

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27
Q

Know sociological explanations for crime

A

Explanations of crime that emphasize the social conditions that bear on the individual as causes of criminal behavior.

28
Q

Know the types of criminology; classical

A

A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will, that demands responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators, and that stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others.

29
Q

Know the types of criminology; neoclassical

A

A resurrection of the concept of rational choice and renewed interest in classical ideas in criminology in response to the conservative movement.

30
Q

Know the types of criminology; positivist

A

A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from social, biological, and psychological factors. It argues that punishment should be tailored to the individual needs of the offender.

31
Q

Know the types of criminology; victimology

A

Victimology is a field of criminology that examines the role the victim plays in precipitating a criminal incident and the impact of crimes on victims.

32
Q

Know the difference between criminal and civil

A

Civil law- law regulating the relationships between or among individuals, usually involving property, contract, or business disputes.
Criminal law- deals with crime and the legal punishment of criminal offenses

33
Q

In relation to men to women commit more or less crime

A

Less

34
Q

Most female criminals come from what type of families; upper class, middle class, lower class, upper middle class, lower middle class

A

Lower class

35
Q

What are the three social process theories

A

Learning theories, control theories, and labeling theories.

36
Q

What gender and race using the lifestyle exposure model are most likely to be victimized based on where they live, and how they spend their time?

A

Teenage African Americans both male and female

37
Q

Who is most likely to be a victim of violent crime? (age and race)

A

African American males age 16-19

38
Q

Women who are arrested have the highest rate of what type of crime?

A

Larceny and theft and their rates for occupational crime have been rising

39
Q

What type of food is found to reduce hostility in young people?

A

Fish rich in omega 3

40
Q

The fear of crime is fed by what? (TV, News, Social media)

A

Fear of crime is fed by TV dramas, News, and Social media.

41
Q

What does it mean when we say someone is criminogenic

A

If someone is criminogenic they are in a more primitive state of evolution and have factors that make them more likely to become a criminal.

42
Q

According to the lifestyle exposure model what class of people, age and race, are least likely to be victimized based on where they live and socialize?

A

Elderly white men and women

43
Q

According to recent statistics, what kinds of crimes do Americans fear the most?

A

Being the victim of identity theft

44
Q

Sigmund Freud, specializes in personalities, ego, super ego, id, know what that means

A

Id controls drives that are primarily sexual, the ego relates desires to behavior, superego judges actions as either right or wrong. Criminal behavior results from an underdeveloped or overdeveloped superego.

45
Q

Victimology-

A

A field of criminology that examines the role the victims plays in precipitating a criminal incident and the impact of crimes on victims.

46
Q

Lifestyle-exposure theory-

A

Approach to understand the unequal distribution of crime and victimization that examines the differential exposure to crime of demographic groups, such as the young or the poor, based on where they live and work and engage in leisure activities.

47
Q

Routine activities theory-

A

A variation of the lifestyle approach that sees crime arise in times and places where there is a convergence of specific elements: motivated offenders, suitable victims, and a lack of capable guardians to prevent or deter criminal acts.

48
Q

Repetitive victimization-

A

The victimization of an individual or household by more than one crime during a relatively short period of time.

49
Q

Revictimization-

A

The victimization of an individual more than once over a long period of time, such as repeated incidents of domestic violence spread out over several years.

50
Q

Victim precipitation-

A

The role of victims in fostering the context or triggering the action that led to their victimization in a crime.

51
Q

Classical criminology-

A

A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from freewill, that demands responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators, and that stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others.

52
Q

Neoclassicism(neoclassical criminology)-

A

A resurrection of the concept of rational choice and renewed interest in classical ideas in criminology in response to the conservative movement.

53
Q

Positivist criminology-

A

A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from social, biological, and psychological factors. It argues that punishments should be tailored to the individual needs of the offender.

54
Q

Criminogenic traits-

A

Factors thought to bring about criminal behavior in an individual.

55
Q

Biological explanations-

A

Explanations of crime that emphasize physiological and neurological factors that may predispose a person to commit crimes.

56
Q

Psychological explanations-

A

Explanations of crime that emphasize mental processes and behavior.

57
Q

Sociological explanations-

A

Explanations of crime that emphasize the social conditions that bear on the individual as causes of criminal behavior.

58
Q

Social structure theories-

A

Theories that attribute crime to the existence of a powerless lower class that lives with poverty and deprivation and often turns to crime in response.

59
Q

Anomie-

A

A breakdown in and disappearance of the rules of social behavior.

60
Q

Social process theories-

A

Theories that see criminality as normal behavior. Everyone has the potential to become a criminal, depending on (1) the influences that impel one toward or away from crime and (2) how one is regarded by others.

61
Q

Learning theories-

A

Theories that see criminal behavior as learned, just as legal behavior is learned.

62
Q

Theory of differential association-

A

The theory that people become criminals because they encounter more influences that view criminal behavior as normal and acceptable than influences that are hostile to criminal behavior.

63
Q

Labeling theories-

A

Theories emphasizing that the causes of criminal behavior are found not in the individual but in the social process that labels certain acts as deviant or criminal.

64
Q

Social conflict theories

A

Theories that assume criminal law and the criminal justice system are primarily a means of controlling the poor and the have-nots.

65
Q

Life course theories

A

Theories that identify factors affecting the state, duration, nature, and end of criminal behavior over the life of an offender.

66
Q

Control theories-

A

Theories holding that criminal behavior occurs when the bonds that tie an individual to society are broken or weakened.

Law (32 decks)

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