Chapter 13 Flashcards
flogging
a punishment where the victim was hit repeatedly with a whip or stick. This was used until the early 1800s, where Americans relied on the European practices of relying on punishment that was physically painful, such as death, flogging, or branding.
Quakers of Pennsylvania, involvement in prison reform
The Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, formed in 1787 included many Quakers, argued that criminals could be best reformed if they were placed in penitentiaries and isolated from one another and from society to consider their crimes, repent, and reform.
Pennsylvania system
The Pennsylvania system is based on the five principle of separate confinement; prisoners would not be treated vengefully but should be convinced that through hard and selective forms of suffering they could change their lives, solitary confinement would prevent further corruption inside prison, in isolation, offenders would reflect on their transgressions and repent, solitary confinement would be punishment because by nature humans are social animals, solitary confinement would be economical, because prisoners would not need long periods of time to repent, and so fewer keepers would be needed and the costs of clothes would be lower. Solitary confinement was first used for hardened and atrocious offenders.
New York system
The New York system was based on the congregate system that held prisoners in isolation at night but let them work and eat together during the day in silence. Elam Lynds, Auburn’s warden instituted a regime that was disciplined and obedient that included lockstep and wearing prison stripes. He started the control labor system-inmates’ labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers who provided machinery and materials for the inmates to make sellable products in the institution.
At what point in time were females treated the same as male prisoners?
Female inmates were treated the same as male inmates until the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Who provides the funding for American prisons?
90% of the cost of all correctional activities in the nation is paid by state and local governments. The rest is paid by taxpayers.
Are all state prisons run the same?
States vary considerably in the way they organize corrections, the administration of prisons falls under the executive branch of state government, They are given guidelines to follow, but they can be flexible in the way that they
What is the percentage of women in prison? Incarcerated?
7% of the prison population, 15% jail, 10% of the incarcerated population
What is the percentage of those in jail vs in prison, all prisoners?
2.2 million total incarceration. 77%, 1.5 million in prison, 33%,728,000 in jail, less than half are in jail
Is there a difference between jails and prisons? General difference
Prisons are institutions for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies with a sentence of more than 1 year. Jails are institutions authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced for periods longer than 48 hours. Most jails are administered by county governments; in 6 jurisdictions they are administered by state governments, for a sentence of 1 year or less. Typically misdemeanors
Throughout the 20th century, the number of people incarcerated increased or decreased or stayed the same?
Throughout the 20th century the number of people incarcerated stayed the same
What part of the country has shown the largest prison increase? NESW
Southeast
Are prison officials allowed to place a ban on mail between prisoners in different facilities?
Prison officials are only allowed to place a ban on mail between prisoners in different facilities, if it is to maintain the prisons safety.
Know the enlightenment period
The enlightenment period was in the late 18th century, when scholars and social reformers in Europe and America were rethinking the nature of society and the place of the individual in it. The definition is; a movement, during the 18th century in England and France, in which concepts of liberalism, rationalism, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.
Know what the Cincinnati declaration of principles was
the National Prison Association and its 1870, embodied a new spirit of reform. advanced a new design for peneology; prisons should operate according to a philosophy of inmate change with reformation rewarded by release. Indeterminate sentences would replace mandatory ones, and proof of reform would be needed for their release. Classification of prisoners on the basis of character and improvement would encourage reformation programs, and the practices from the 19th century-fixed sentences, lockstep, rules of silence, and isolation-were seen as debasing and humiliating and as destroying inmates’ initiative.
Know which penitentiary first used the technique of isolation
Walnut Street Jail in 1790, Eastern State Penitentiary in 1829, as a part of the Pennsylvania system, was the first penitentiary to use the technique of isolation.
Know what the congregate system is
The congregate system is a penitentiary system developed in Auburn New York where each inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked and ate together during the day under a rule of silence.
The crime control model
The crime control model was based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.
What level of government operates correctional programs, state, federal, local, or county?
All, depending on what level prison it is and what
Which branch of government is the administration of prisons under?
The administration of prisons falls under the executive branch of state government. Federal Bureau of prisons and DOJ
How are state correctional facilities classified?
State correctional facilities are classified as level 1,minimum, 2 low 3 medium, 4 high, 5 administrative
Level determined by pretense or lack of Mobil patrols, perimeter with armed guards, walls or fencing, internal security, housing, ratio of inmates to staff
Jails are administered locally by who?
Most jails are administered by an elected sheriff, locally-elected officials.
How long is an inmate typically held in jail?
Less than 24 hours
Amendments, which one has been limited the most for prisoners?
4th
Time prisoners spend each day in their cells, which differs between max, mid, super, low
Maximum- 23 hours a day
Know the 14th amendment
The 14th amendment protects individuals against actions by states, there are 2 main clauses of the 14th amendment the due process clause that requires that government officials treat all people fairly and justly and that officials decisions be made according to procedures prescribed by law, and the equal protection clause that assets that prisoners that have been denied equal protection of the law are based on claims of racial, gender, or religious discrimination can sue in federal court.
Know what the lease system is
The lease system is a system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor. In southern states the prisoners were used as agricultural, mining, logging, and construction laborers.
Be able to determine types of prisons and how someone goes to them
Minimum, low, medium, high, max, administrative(supermax), someone goes to these prisons based on the amount of security and level of supervision they need, using a points system.
Know undocumented immigrants, what happens when they get out of prison
Undocumented immigrants are foreign-born citizens present in the United States without proper papers or approval for entering the country or remaining beyond a specific date. If they violate immigration laws that are subject of deportation, after they serve their sentence.
RNR model
The RNR model determines how we should treat offenders after figuring out who to target. By using the ideas of risk, who, need, what, and responsivity, how, we can determine which offenders are high risk and should be targeted for more intensive treatment that will target the behavior that causes recidivism to become such a problem in some offenders, while making sure that the treatment is still individualized enough that it motivates the offender to participate in the program. It is managed in different kinds of courts, and represents risk, need, and responsibility so offenders can get the most effective treatment for their risk level.
Define the Risk component.
The risk component focuses on the who. It works to determine who are high risk offenders and match them with a treatment program that matches the individual’s risk level so that low risk offenders aren’t given very intensive treatments like a high risk offender and end up reoffending more often.
Explain the Needs principle.
The needs principle focuses on targeting the factors that can lead to recidivism, this includes the people that they hang out with, their mentality, and drugs and alcohol. These factors can all lead to recidivism and the needs model is working to target these factors so that they can be treated.
What is the Responsivity principle?
The responsivity principle focuses on the how, and how they can use behavioral treatment programs and match the style of program to the offender so that they can be treated appropriately and their recidivism rates will go down as they will be more motivated to go through the treatment programs.
Two parts of the responsivity part of RNR
The 2 parts of the Responsivity model are specific and general. General responsivity focuses more on treatment to change the behavior of the offender so that we can use treatment programs to help them reconstruct their thinking and change so that they won’t have as many criminal thoughts and won’t be as likely to reoffend. Specific responsivity focuses on the individuality that makes each offender different and how their behavior, thinking, and actions will make them more responsive to some treatments compared to others. By determining this individuality in each offender we can give them a treatment that will match them and help them become reformed the most.
Corrections
The variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses.
Enlightenment
A movement, during the eighteenth century in England and France, in which concepts of liberalism, rationalism, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.
Penitentiary
An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and reform.
Separate confinement
A penitentiary system, developed in Pennsylvania, in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates. All activities, including craft work, took place in the cells.
Congregate system
A penitentiary system, developed in Auburn, New York, in which each inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked and ate with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence.
Contract labor system
A system under which inmates’ labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers who provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made saleable products in the institution.
Lease system
A system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor. In southern states the prisoners were used as agricultural, mining, logging, and construction laborers.
Reformatory
An institution for young offenders, emphasizing training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole.
Mark system
A system in which offenders receive a certain number of points at the time of sentencing, based on the severity of their crime. Prisoners can reduce their term and gain release by earning marks to reduce these points through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement.
Rehabilitation model
A model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy.
Medical model
A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment.
Community model
A model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community.
Crime Control model of corrections
A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.
Undocumented immigrants
Foreign-bron noncitizens present in the United States without proper papers or approval for either entering the country or remaining beyond a specific date.
Deportation
Formal removal by the federal government of an undocumented immigrant or other non citizen from the United States for violation of immigration and other laws.
Prison
An institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felons.
Jail
An institution authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours. Most jails are administered by county governments; in six jurisdictions, they are administered by state governments.
Hands-off policy
Judges should not interfere with the administration of correctional institutions.
