late adulthood Flashcards
central vision blurry (light sensitive cells break down)
macular degeneration
leading cause of blindness
macular degeneration
cloudy eyes
cataracts
breathing stops for +10 sec, brief awake
sleep apnea
who has higher sleep disturbances up until 70-80
men
treatment for sleep apnea
CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure
- provides air @ pressure just high enough to prevent collapse of airway
alzheimer’s disease
neurofibrillary tangles (inside neurons) collapsed neural structures with abnormal forms of tav (a protein)
amyloid plaques (outside neurons) dense deposits of deteriorated protein (amyloid) surrounded by clumps of dead neurons and glial cells
doctors inspect brain after death for causes or results of what disease?
alzheimer’s
when is alzheimer’s diagnosis definitive?
by brain autopsy after death
perpetrator of elder abuse
mentally or financially dependent on victim
victim of elder abuse
very old, frail, mentally impaired, physically impaired
types of elder abuse
1) physical
2) physical neglect
3) emotional abuse
4) financial abuse
5) sexual abuse
most common reported types of abuse
financial, emotional, and neglect
intentional or unintentional failure to fulfill caregiving obligations, resulting in lack of food, medication, or health services or in the older person being left alone
physical abuse
emotional abuse
verbal assaults, name calling, humiliation, intimidation
financial abuse
illegal or improper exploitation of aging person’s property or financial resources, through theft or use without consent
unwanted sexual contact of any kind
sexual abuse
most restrictive housing option for older adults
nursing homes
4 theories of aging
1) disengagement theory
2) activity theory
3) continuity theory
4) socioemotional selectivity theory
activity levels and interactions decrease and they become more preoccupied with their personal lives as they reach the end
disengagement theory
choice of their social interactions is based on a lifelong selection process
socioemotional selectivity
a search to find others in order to stay active, that also promote life satisfaction
activity theory
strive to maintain personal relationships, interests, roles, and identity
continuity
mutually withdraw
disengagement theory
more selective
socioemotional selectivity theory
social barriers
activity theory
continue
continuity theory
gender more affected by poor marriage
women
gender most effected by widowhood
men
why men more affected by widowhood
LESS PREPARED
1) rely on wives for social connectedness, household tasks, promotion of healthy behaviors, coping with stressors
2) gender-role expectations lead men to feel less free to express emotions or ask for help
3) men less involved in religious activities
difference between euthanasia and MAID?
who administers (maid self administered)
active voluntary and involuntary are forms of
mercy killing, illegal
difference between active and passive
active (deliberate action), passive (withhold or withdraw)
ending life sustaining treatment voluntary would require
living will (dnr) or power of attorney for hc (agent)
no treatment
passive involuntary would be
turning off machines
family life cycle #4
launching children and moving on
(longest phase)
erikson conflict of late adulthood
egointegrity vs. despair
egointegrity
evaluate positive and negative to equal a whole and complete experience
despair
more pessimistic, too many poor choices
high in reminiscence (teaching others about past)
african american and chinese immigrants
peck’s 3 tasks leading to egointegrity
1) ego differentiation vs. work-role preoccupation
2) body transcendence vs. body preoccupation
3) ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation
other ways of affirming self worth in late life (hobbies & leisure, volunteering, grand parenthood)
ego differentiation
accept aging body and sensory, mobility, and appearance changes
body transcendence
finding purpose and meaning in own life as loved ones die
ego transcendence
which of pecks conflicts contributes to elder suicide
ego preoccupation
attempts to completion rates for suicide for adolescents vs elders
300 to 1
4 to 1
male to female suicides for adolescents vs elders
adolescents - 5 to 1
elders - 10 to 1
how do elders indirectly contribute to own death
stop food, water, meds
what events spur elder suicide
1) loss of spouse
2) terminal/chronic illness
kubler-ross theory of dying
1) denial and isolation
2) anger
3) bargaining
4) depression
5) acceptance
person aware of terminal illness, may not go through each step and order differs
kubler-ross theory of dying
temporary shock response to bad news, isolation arises from people even family members, avoiding
denial and isolation
resentment and fury that time is short, goals may not be accomplished, unfairness of death
anger
negotiation for an extended life is made with higher power in exchange for reformed lifestyle
bargaining
individual may become silent, refuse visitors and spend much of the time crying and grieving. dying person disconnects
depression
come to terms with inevitable death, calm and peace, spend remaining time with a few family members and friends
acceptance
children’s understanding of death
1) nonfunctionality
2) finality
3) universality
4) applicability
5) causation
all living functions cease at death
nonfunctionality
once a living thing dies, it cannot be brought back to life
finality
all living things die eventually
universality
death only applies to living things
applicability
death is caused by the breakdown of bodily functioning through a wide variety of internal and external cues
causation
hardest for children to understand :
applicability and causation
how can we help children understand death?
- teach about biology
- be truthful and sensitive
- be culturally sensitive
the experience of losing a loved one by death
bereavement
physical and psychological distress
grief
culturally specified expression of bereaved person’s thoughts and feelings
mourning
stages of grief
1) avoidance
2) confrontation
3) restoration
a sense of loss without the opportunity to mourn publicly and receive support
disenfranchised grief
acknowledging that the loss is inevitable and preparing emotionally first
anticipatory grief
compression of morbidity
public health goal to decrease the number of months or years of ill-health and suffering (average period of diminished vigour before death)
remembering to engage in planned actions for the future
prospective memory
dependent behaviors are attended to immediately
dependent support script
independent behaviors mostly ignored
independent-ignore script
two complementary behavior patterns for people interacting with older adults in private homes and institutions and reinforce dependent behavior
1) dependency-support script
2) independence-ignore script
irreversible cessation of all activity in the brain and brain stem (controls reflexes)
brain death
brain stem still active, but cerebral cortex no longer registers electrically activity
persistent vegetative state
goals of hospice
provide a caring community sensitive to dying persons needs so patients and family members can prepare for death in ways satisfying to them. increase quality of life
specifics treatments that people do or do not want in case of terminal illness, coma, or other near-death situation
living will
authorizes appointment for another person (usually family) to make HC decisions on one’s behalf
durable power of attorney for health care
most difficult loss an adult can face
death of a child
1) extension of parents feelings about themselves
2) unmatched source of love
3) unnatural, kids aren’t meant to die before parents
basic tasks that an individual needs to be independent and self-sufficient
- getting dressed, bathing, sitting, getting into bed, eating
ADL’s
tasks that are needed to keep daily life running normally and productively. require cognitive capability.
- shopping, preparing food, talking on phone, taking care of finances
IADL’s
aging that occurs universally, regardless of health or other factors
primary aging
aging that takes place due to environmental or genetic factors
secondary aging
aging that takes place due to biological makeup
primary aging
aging through lifestyle and environmental choices
secondary aging
what causes variety in secondary aging
different heritability and environmental influences from person to person
5 leading causes of death
1) heart disease
2) cancer
3) chronic respiratory diseases
4) stroke
5) alzheimer’s disease
gender higher in death due to stroke and alzheimer’s
women
indirect effects on elders after they experience a fall
fear of falling evoked. causes elder to avoid activities that might lead to falling again, so they are limited in mobility and socialization. cause both physical and psychological detriments to the elder
which mental abilities decline earlier
ones that need fluid intelligence
how do mental abilities that depend on crystallized intelligence last longer
used and practiced
what offsets loss of fluid intelligence
retaining of crystallized abilities
focusing on goals and using diminished energy on activities that are most valuable to them. finding ways to compensate for losses
selective optimization with compensation
capacity made up of multiple cognitive and personality traits
wisdom
5 ingredients of wisdom
1) breadth and depth of practical knowledge
2) ability to reflect and apply that knowledge to make life more bearable and worthwhile
3) emotional maturity (listen patiently and empathetically)
4) ability to give sound advice
5) altruistic creativity
crimes seniors are most likely the target of
purse snatching or pickpocketing
limits activities elders participate in and tears down their morale, causes great anxiety because of physical and financial danger
fear of crime
factors affecting decision to retire
affordability, personal life, work environment and satisfaction, societal retirement benefits, gender, and ethnicity
important for retirement adjustment
internally motivated to pursue new hobbies or interest and have social support through friends and shared activities, happy marriage
who is more engaged in leisure activities and volunteer work in retirement
high in self-efficacy
