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psych 201 > chap 9&10 > Flashcards

chap 9&10 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is myopia?

A

nearsightedness

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2
Q

what are recommendations for children with myopia?

A

increase outdoor activity, increase distance from screens, good lighting

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3
Q

what SES kids are more prone to myopia and why?

A

affluent kids, because they read more and have screens more

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4
Q

what is the recommendation for middle childhood kids with obesity?

A

FAMILY-BASED APPROACH
revise eating, increase physical activity, increase sleep, decrease screen time

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5
Q

what gender is asthma more common in?

A

boys

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6
Q

what are the recommendations for kids with asthma?

A

decrease smoke environment, decrease pollution, decrease stress, decrease obesity, increase physical activity (within limits and with inhaler)

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7
Q

what is #3 of piaget’s stages?

A

concrete operations

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8
Q

fill in the blank for with concrete operations, _________ follows __________

A

thinking follows logic

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9
Q

what are 4 parts to piaget’s concrete operations?

A

a. conservation
b. classification
c. seriation
d. spatial reasoning

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10
Q

what are the 2 aspects to conservation?

A
  1. decentration
  2. reversibility
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11
Q

what aspect of conservation can focus on more than 1 aspect of a problem at a time?

A

decentration

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12
Q

what aspect of conservation can backtrack steps?

A

reversibility

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13
Q

what is a requirement for classification?

A

hierarchical

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14
Q

how do we tell that children in middle childhood are reaching classification stage?

A

collections become popular

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15
Q

what part of piaget’s concrete operations is the ability to order items in a quantitative dimension?

A

seriation

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16
Q

what part of piaget’s concrete operations involves forming cognitive maps - mental representation of physical space?

A

spatial reasoning

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17
Q

what are 3 parts of info processing?

A
  1. working memory capacity
  2. memory strategies
  3. cognitive self-regulation
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18
Q

what are 3 memory strategies ranging from superficial to deep?

A
  1. rehearsal
  2. organization
  3. elaboration
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19
Q

what memory strategy involves repetition?

A

rehearsal

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20
Q

what memory strategy involves chunking?

A

organization

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21
Q

what memory strategy explains why our phone numbers are split into 3 sections?

A

chunking

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22
Q

what memory strategy is the most deep, and makes connections between unrelated items?

A

elaboration

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23
Q

what part of info processing is continually monitoring progress toward a goal?

A

cognitive self-regulation

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24
Q

what is the optimal way to have a bilingual education?

A

part day in new language/part day in native language

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25
Q

what is educational self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

students adopt teachers view of them

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26
Q

what are 3 educational philosophies?

A
  1. traditional
  2. constructivist
  3. social constructivist
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27
Q

which educational philosophy involves a passive learner, but has increased test scores?

A

traditional

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28
Q

what educational philosophy has an active learner?

A

constructivist

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29
Q

which educational philosophy has benefits of increased critical thinking, increased social/moral maturity, and students enjoy learning?

A

constructivist

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30
Q

what educational philosophy promotes teachers and learners as partners, like at byui?

A

social constructivist

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31
Q

what are 2 different grouping practices in education?

A
  1. homogenous
  2. heterogenous
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32
Q

what grouping practices groups kids of similar ability, focuses on breadth learning, and increases the gap between students abilities?

A

homogenous

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33
Q

which group practices joins kids of mixed ability and results in depth learning?

A

heterogenous

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34
Q

what of the self-concept changes with age?

A
  • more +/- characteristics
  • lose all or none thinking
  • observe own behavior and internal states and translate than into general disposition
  • children emphasize competencies instead of specific behaviours
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35
Q

what are 4 components of self-esteem in middle childhood?

A

1) academic
2) physical appearance
3) social
4) physical/athletic

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36
Q

what are master-oriented attributions?

A

successes = ability
failures = lack of effort

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37
Q

what kind of master-oriented attributions do kids usually make?

A

situational or dispositional

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38
Q

what is good about kids making master-oriented attributions?

A

gives them control

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39
Q

what is learned helplessness?

A

successes = luck
failures = lack of ability

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40
Q

how do kids develop learned helplessness?

A

they learn to give up

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41
Q

who theorized learned helplessness?

A

martin seligman

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42
Q

how do parents contribute to learned helplessness?

A

they tell/teach kids it’s ok to quit

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43
Q

what is friendship like for a preschooler?

A
  • superficial
  • plays nice
  • cool toys
44
Q

what is friendship like for middle childhood?

A
  • more selective
  • more similar - gender, age, SES (validating)
  • more stable (can survive disagreements)
  • trust/loyalty
45
Q

why do kids choose friends that are more similar?

A

validating

46
Q

what are the six types of peer acceptance?

A

1) popular pro social
2) popular antisocial
3) rejected aggressive
4) rejected withdrawn
5) controversial
6) neglected

47
Q

what peer acceptance groups are actively liked and have positive votes?

A

1) popular pro social
2) popular antisocial

48
Q

which peer acceptance group combines social and academic competence?

A

popular prosocial

49
Q

which peer acceptance group are athletically skilled, poor students, and defy authority?

A

popular antisocial

50
Q

which rejected peer acceptance group is the bully?

A

rejected aggressive

51
Q

which rejected group is the victim?

A

rejected withdrawn

52
Q

which peer acceptance group has higher rates of conflict, hyper, impulsive?

A

rejected aggressive

53
Q

which peer acceptance group is socially awkward and has a fear of being scorned?

A

rejected withdrawn

54
Q

which two peer acceptance groups are actively disliked and have negative votes?

A

rejected aggressive and rejected withdrawn

55
Q

which two peer acceptance groups are at high risk for decreased school performance, antisocial behavior, and delinquency?

A

rejected aggressive and rejected withdrawn

56
Q

which peer acceptance group has a blend of positive and negative behaviors, and gets positive and negative votes?

A

controversial

57
Q

which peer acceptance group is well-adjusted, good social skills, and behind the scenes?

A

neglected

58
Q

which peer acceptance group gets no votes?

A

neglected

59
Q

what are solutions for the high risk rejected aggressive and rejected withdrawn groups?

A

social skills training, modeling, coaching, academic tutoring, and involves parents

60
Q

when does sibling rivalry increase and peak?

A

middle childhood

61
Q

why does sibling rivalry decrease in high school?

A

get busier! not home so much

62
Q

what parent behavior leads to sibling rivalry?

A

parents compare, which leads to sibling rivalry so kids often diversify (sometimes it’s unifying)

63
Q

when is sibling rivalry most common?

A

siblings who are same age (within 3 years) and same gender

64
Q

what 2 criteria are needed for working moms to be positive to childhood?

A

moms choose to work, and employ authoritative parenting

65
Q

what are benefits of working moms?

A

dads help more, increase SE, decrease gender stereotyping, see females in different roles, decrease behavior problems, increase independence

66
Q

what kind of kids result from having working moms?

A

self-care kids (by 8 should be able to be home alone for 1-3 hrs)
- monitor by phone
- list of chores

67
Q

what is the percent increase needed to be considered obese by BMI standards?

A

20%

68
Q

what is the percentile for overweight and obese?

A

overweight = 85th percentile
obese = 95th percentile

69
Q

what are causes of obesity?

A

environment, low SES, lack of knowledge regarding healthy diet, family stress, parental feeding behaviors

70
Q

when do obese children tend to eat?

A

when they experience emotions like happy, sad, lonely, bored, etc

71
Q

when do healthy children tend to eat?

A

in response to body cues

72
Q

what are problems associated with childhood obesity?

A

high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, breathing problems (asthma and sleep apnea), and joint pain

73
Q

what is the best way to treat and prevent obesity for children?

A

make it a family plan!

74
Q

what are 4 types of special needs children?

A

1) children with learning difficulties
2) physical ailments
3) gifted children
4) creativity and talent

75
Q

what 2 class styles help special needs children?

A

1) inclusion
2) gifted

76
Q

what class style allows students with learning difficulties to learn alongside typical students in the regular classroom for all or part of the day?

A

inclusion

77
Q

what defines a gifted child?

A

exceptional intellectual strengths, IQ above 130

78
Q

when do gifted class styles work best?

A

activities promote problem solving, critical thinking, creativity

79
Q

when does inclusion style work best?

A

teacher and “normal” students have good attitudes. achievement is based off of severity of disability and support is available

80
Q

what are 2 types of thinking associated with gifted children?

A

1) convergent
2) divergent

81
Q

which type of thinking is the cognition emphasized on intelligence tests, with one single correct answer to a problem?

A

convergent

82
Q

which type of thinking is a generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem?

A

divergent

83
Q

what are some factors involved in divorce?

A

less education, lack of commitment, $ issues, premarital cohabitation, infidelity, young when married, parents divorced

84
Q

which ethnicities are most at risk for divorce?

A

african, hispanic, and native american (economically disadvantaged)

85
Q

what are the effects of divorce on children?

A

non-custodial parent (usually father) is permissive parent, and that makes it harder for custodial parent (usually mother) to manage children

86
Q

how can parents help kids adjust through divorce?

A
  • shield children from conflict
  • provide familiarity
  • explain what’s happening and what to expect
  • emphasize permanence of divorce
  • respond sympathetically to their feelings
  • engage in authoritative parenting
  • promote continuing relationship with both parents
87
Q

what have studies found on the effect on education with divorce vs. parental death?

A

effects on education increased with divorce

88
Q

what are developmentally appropriate sports in middle childhood?

A

it’s good for social and emotional development for kids to play games that have several roles. kick the can, kickball, soccer, basketball, tag. this helps kids learn to cooperate with a team, perform different roles, and understand rules

89
Q

what mental capacity allows school-aged children to transition to rule-oriented games?

A

“perspective-taking” allows children to understand roles of different players in a game and makes the transition to organized play smoother

90
Q

what accounts for boys’ gross-motor superiority?

A

environmental influences. parents hold their sons to higher standards, while girls abilities are limited by parents and own stereotypical beliefs that they are less skilled

91
Q

what are the 3 components of Sternberg’s triarchic theory?

A

1) analytical intelligence
2) creative intelligence
3) practical intelligence

92
Q

what are informational processing skills that allow us to apply strategies, acquire knowledge relevant to tasks, and use self-regulation?

A

analytical intelligence

93
Q

what is the capacity to apply information processing skills quickly and effectively to solve unfamiliar or new problems?

A

creative intelligence

94
Q

what is applying intellectual skills to shape, adapt, or select circumstances in everyday life, to allow us to manipulate thinking, situations, and contexts to better meet our needs and desires?

A

practical intelligence

95
Q

what are some benefits of a traditional classroom?

A

score better on achievement tests, teachers focus on achievement tests

96
Q

what are benefits of constructivist classrooms?

A

focus on giving children the freedom to explore their thoughts and ideas, and promotes critical thinking, social and moral maturity, and enjoyment in learning and school

97
Q

what are educational self-fulfilling prophecies?

A

a child absorbs the teacher’s perspective of them and lives according to that, whether it is positive or negative

98
Q

when are educational self-fulfilling prophecies especially strong?

A

teacher strongly favours the top students and fosters competition and comparison among students. the top students will excel, and those lower in the class will decline

99
Q

what is erikson’s theory of industry vs. inferiority?

A

psychological conflict of middle childhood that is resolved as children have experiences that allow them to grow in their sense of competence

100
Q

what is the inferiority aspect of erikson’s theory?

A

negativity of children who do not have confidence in their capability to accomplish tasks

101
Q

what developments of middle childhood does the industry aspect of erikson’s theory combine?

A

child’s positive, realistic self-concept, fulfillment in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and ability to work with a team

102
Q

what is the best way for a parent to positively influence a child’s self-esteem?

A

be warm and positive
reasonable and firm expectations
give them an explanation
give feedback - use process praise to emphasize behavior over traits

103
Q

what two types of emotional self-regulation do grade schoolers employ?

A

1) problem-centered coping
2) emotion-centered coping

104
Q

what type of coping occurs when a grade schooler feels anxious about an upcoming test and studies harder for it?

A

problem-centered coping

105
Q

what type of coping occurs when a grade schooler received a bad grade in a test, tells themselves “it’s just one test” and plays at a friends house after school to distract themselves?

A

emotion-centered coping

106
Q

how do you reduce prejudice?

A
  • spend time with people of different ethnic or racial groups
  • use cooperative learning groups to integrate children of different backgrounds
  • have contact and collaboration between school, community, and neighborhood groups
  • teach children that people can change
107
Q

what is coregulation?

A

parent relinquishes some control and offers their child more independence. parent stays involved and monitors child from a distance, but allows child to make more decisions for themselves. parent lets the child know their expectations and child comes to parent to let them know their plans, or for help with a problem

psych 201 (12 decks)

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