chap 9&10 Flashcards
what is myopia?
nearsightedness
what are recommendations for children with myopia?
increase outdoor activity, increase distance from screens, good lighting
what SES kids are more prone to myopia and why?
affluent kids, because they read more and have screens more
what is the recommendation for middle childhood kids with obesity?
FAMILY-BASED APPROACH
revise eating, increase physical activity, increase sleep, decrease screen time
what gender is asthma more common in?
boys
what are the recommendations for kids with asthma?
decrease smoke environment, decrease pollution, decrease stress, decrease obesity, increase physical activity (within limits and with inhaler)
what is #3 of piaget’s stages?
concrete operations
fill in the blank for with concrete operations, _________ follows __________
thinking follows logic
what are 4 parts to piaget’s concrete operations?
a. conservation
b. classification
c. seriation
d. spatial reasoning
what are the 2 aspects to conservation?
- decentration
- reversibility
what aspect of conservation can focus on more than 1 aspect of a problem at a time?
decentration
what aspect of conservation can backtrack steps?
reversibility
what is a requirement for classification?
hierarchical
how do we tell that children in middle childhood are reaching classification stage?
collections become popular
what part of piaget’s concrete operations is the ability to order items in a quantitative dimension?
seriation
what part of piaget’s concrete operations involves forming cognitive maps - mental representation of physical space?
spatial reasoning
what are 3 parts of info processing?
- working memory capacity
- memory strategies
- cognitive self-regulation
what are 3 memory strategies ranging from superficial to deep?
- rehearsal
- organization
- elaboration
what memory strategy involves repetition?
rehearsal
what memory strategy involves chunking?
organization
what memory strategy explains why our phone numbers are split into 3 sections?
chunking
what memory strategy is the most deep, and makes connections between unrelated items?
elaboration
what part of info processing is continually monitoring progress toward a goal?
cognitive self-regulation
what is the optimal way to have a bilingual education?
part day in new language/part day in native language
what is educational self-fulfilling prophecy?
students adopt teachers view of them
what are 3 educational philosophies?
- traditional
- constructivist
- social constructivist
which educational philosophy involves a passive learner, but has increased test scores?
traditional
what educational philosophy has an active learner?
constructivist
which educational philosophy has benefits of increased critical thinking, increased social/moral maturity, and students enjoy learning?
constructivist
what educational philosophy promotes teachers and learners as partners, like at byui?
social constructivist
what are 2 different grouping practices in education?
- homogenous
- heterogenous
what grouping practices groups kids of similar ability, focuses on breadth learning, and increases the gap between students abilities?
homogenous
which group practices joins kids of mixed ability and results in depth learning?
heterogenous
what of the self-concept changes with age?
- more +/- characteristics
- lose all or none thinking
- observe own behavior and internal states and translate than into general disposition
- children emphasize competencies instead of specific behaviours
what are 4 components of self-esteem in middle childhood?
1) academic
2) physical appearance
3) social
4) physical/athletic
what are master-oriented attributions?
successes = ability
failures = lack of effort
what kind of master-oriented attributions do kids usually make?
situational or dispositional
what is good about kids making master-oriented attributions?
gives them control
what is learned helplessness?
successes = luck
failures = lack of ability
how do kids develop learned helplessness?
they learn to give up
who theorized learned helplessness?
martin seligman
how do parents contribute to learned helplessness?
they tell/teach kids it’s ok to quit
what is friendship like for a preschooler?
- superficial
- plays nice
- cool toys
what is friendship like for middle childhood?
- more selective
- more similar - gender, age, SES (validating)
- more stable (can survive disagreements)
- trust/loyalty
why do kids choose friends that are more similar?
validating
what are the six types of peer acceptance?
1) popular pro social
2) popular antisocial
3) rejected aggressive
4) rejected withdrawn
5) controversial
6) neglected
what peer acceptance groups are actively liked and have positive votes?
1) popular pro social
2) popular antisocial
which peer acceptance group combines social and academic competence?
popular prosocial
which peer acceptance group are athletically skilled, poor students, and defy authority?
popular antisocial
which rejected peer acceptance group is the bully?
rejected aggressive
which rejected group is the victim?
rejected withdrawn
which peer acceptance group has higher rates of conflict, hyper, impulsive?
rejected aggressive
which peer acceptance group is socially awkward and has a fear of being scorned?
rejected withdrawn
which two peer acceptance groups are actively disliked and have negative votes?
rejected aggressive and rejected withdrawn
which two peer acceptance groups are at high risk for decreased school performance, antisocial behavior, and delinquency?
rejected aggressive and rejected withdrawn
which peer acceptance group has a blend of positive and negative behaviors, and gets positive and negative votes?
controversial
which peer acceptance group is well-adjusted, good social skills, and behind the scenes?
neglected
which peer acceptance group gets no votes?
neglected
what are solutions for the high risk rejected aggressive and rejected withdrawn groups?
social skills training, modeling, coaching, academic tutoring, and involves parents
when does sibling rivalry increase and peak?
middle childhood
why does sibling rivalry decrease in high school?
get busier! not home so much
what parent behavior leads to sibling rivalry?
parents compare, which leads to sibling rivalry so kids often diversify (sometimes it’s unifying)
when is sibling rivalry most common?
siblings who are same age (within 3 years) and same gender
what 2 criteria are needed for working moms to be positive to childhood?
moms choose to work, and employ authoritative parenting
what are benefits of working moms?
dads help more, increase SE, decrease gender stereotyping, see females in different roles, decrease behavior problems, increase independence
what kind of kids result from having working moms?
self-care kids (by 8 should be able to be home alone for 1-3 hrs)
- monitor by phone
- list of chores
what is the percent increase needed to be considered obese by BMI standards?
20%
what is the percentile for overweight and obese?
overweight = 85th percentile
obese = 95th percentile
what are causes of obesity?
environment, low SES, lack of knowledge regarding healthy diet, family stress, parental feeding behaviors
when do obese children tend to eat?
when they experience emotions like happy, sad, lonely, bored, etc
when do healthy children tend to eat?
in response to body cues
what are problems associated with childhood obesity?
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, breathing problems (asthma and sleep apnea), and joint pain
what is the best way to treat and prevent obesity for children?
make it a family plan!
what are 4 types of special needs children?
1) children with learning difficulties
2) physical ailments
3) gifted children
4) creativity and talent
what 2 class styles help special needs children?
1) inclusion
2) gifted
what class style allows students with learning difficulties to learn alongside typical students in the regular classroom for all or part of the day?
inclusion
what defines a gifted child?
exceptional intellectual strengths, IQ above 130
when do gifted class styles work best?
activities promote problem solving, critical thinking, creativity
when does inclusion style work best?
teacher and “normal” students have good attitudes. achievement is based off of severity of disability and support is available
what are 2 types of thinking associated with gifted children?
1) convergent
2) divergent
which type of thinking is the cognition emphasized on intelligence tests, with one single correct answer to a problem?
convergent
which type of thinking is a generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem?
divergent
what are some factors involved in divorce?
less education, lack of commitment, $ issues, premarital cohabitation, infidelity, young when married, parents divorced
which ethnicities are most at risk for divorce?
african, hispanic, and native american (economically disadvantaged)
what are the effects of divorce on children?
non-custodial parent (usually father) is permissive parent, and that makes it harder for custodial parent (usually mother) to manage children
how can parents help kids adjust through divorce?
- shield children from conflict
- provide familiarity
- explain what’s happening and what to expect
- emphasize permanence of divorce
- respond sympathetically to their feelings
- engage in authoritative parenting
- promote continuing relationship with both parents
what have studies found on the effect on education with divorce vs. parental death?
effects on education increased with divorce
what are developmentally appropriate sports in middle childhood?
it’s good for social and emotional development for kids to play games that have several roles. kick the can, kickball, soccer, basketball, tag. this helps kids learn to cooperate with a team, perform different roles, and understand rules
what mental capacity allows school-aged children to transition to rule-oriented games?
“perspective-taking” allows children to understand roles of different players in a game and makes the transition to organized play smoother
what accounts for boys’ gross-motor superiority?
environmental influences. parents hold their sons to higher standards, while girls abilities are limited by parents and own stereotypical beliefs that they are less skilled
what are the 3 components of Sternberg’s triarchic theory?
1) analytical intelligence
2) creative intelligence
3) practical intelligence
what are informational processing skills that allow us to apply strategies, acquire knowledge relevant to tasks, and use self-regulation?
analytical intelligence
what is the capacity to apply information processing skills quickly and effectively to solve unfamiliar or new problems?
creative intelligence
what is applying intellectual skills to shape, adapt, or select circumstances in everyday life, to allow us to manipulate thinking, situations, and contexts to better meet our needs and desires?
practical intelligence
what are some benefits of a traditional classroom?
score better on achievement tests, teachers focus on achievement tests
what are benefits of constructivist classrooms?
focus on giving children the freedom to explore their thoughts and ideas, and promotes critical thinking, social and moral maturity, and enjoyment in learning and school
what are educational self-fulfilling prophecies?
a child absorbs the teacher’s perspective of them and lives according to that, whether it is positive or negative
when are educational self-fulfilling prophecies especially strong?
teacher strongly favours the top students and fosters competition and comparison among students. the top students will excel, and those lower in the class will decline
what is erikson’s theory of industry vs. inferiority?
psychological conflict of middle childhood that is resolved as children have experiences that allow them to grow in their sense of competence
what is the inferiority aspect of erikson’s theory?
negativity of children who do not have confidence in their capability to accomplish tasks
what developments of middle childhood does the industry aspect of erikson’s theory combine?
child’s positive, realistic self-concept, fulfillment in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and ability to work with a team
what is the best way for a parent to positively influence a child’s self-esteem?
be warm and positive
reasonable and firm expectations
give them an explanation
give feedback - use process praise to emphasize behavior over traits
what two types of emotional self-regulation do grade schoolers employ?
1) problem-centered coping
2) emotion-centered coping
what type of coping occurs when a grade schooler feels anxious about an upcoming test and studies harder for it?
problem-centered coping
what type of coping occurs when a grade schooler received a bad grade in a test, tells themselves “it’s just one test” and plays at a friends house after school to distract themselves?
emotion-centered coping
how do you reduce prejudice?
- spend time with people of different ethnic or racial groups
- use cooperative learning groups to integrate children of different backgrounds
- have contact and collaboration between school, community, and neighborhood groups
- teach children that people can change
what is coregulation?
parent relinquishes some control and offers their child more independence. parent stays involved and monitors child from a distance, but allows child to make more decisions for themselves. parent lets the child know their expectations and child comes to parent to let them know their plans, or for help with a problem
