chap 11 & 12 Flashcards
what is girls’ motor development like in adolescence?
they are more gradual than boys. they plateau at about 14. not many girls perform as well as boys in sports
what is boys motor development like in adolescence?
rapid change in strength, speed, and endurance. boys develop throughout teenage years. they are stronger and faster than the average girl, so they have more participation in sports
what is an eating disorder characterized by binging, and then using extreme measures like vomiting, laxative use, excessive exercising, or fasting to keep weight off?
bulimia nervosa
who is most vulnerable to bulimia nervosa?
young people, usually girls or gay/bi boys
why is bulimia nervosa easier to treat than anorexia nervosa?
individuals with bulimia nervosa want help
what is the major contributor in the widening gender gap in college enrolment?
boys’ higher math and science achievement
what is stereotype threat?
fear of being judged in terms of a negative stereotype, for example, math and science are more “masculine” subjects, so when girls don’t succeed they attribute it to lack of ability
what happens to self concept in adolescence?
becomes more abstract and divided. they are learning who they are and have a difficult time identifying that, so they contradict themselves
why do social values become more important for adolescents?
they want to be viewed positively by other people
what happens to self esteem in mid to late adolescence?
increases because they increase in skills and accomplishments
what are the 4 steps in the path to identity?
1) identity achievement
2) identity moratorium
3) identity foreclosure
4) identity diffusion
what cognitive style is used with identity achievement?
information-gathering
what cognitive style is used with identity moratorium?
information gathering
what cognitive style is used with identity foreclosure?
dogmatic/inflexible
what cognitive style is used with identity diffusion?
diffuse-avoidant
what step on the identity path involves committing to certain goals or virtues after investigating options?
identity achievement
what step on the path to identity is exploring without having committed yet?
identity moratorium
what step on the identity path is committing without doing any exploring beforehand?
identity foreclosure
what step on the path to identity is there neither commitment or exploration?
identity diffusion
what cognitive style seeks out information to help them with their decision, evaluate it, and apply it to their perspective?
information gathering
what cognitive style perpetuates the beliefs of parents or peers without doing any research or reflecting themselves because they want to be accepted and loved by people they depend on for affection?
dogmatic, inflexible
which cognitive style avoids their personal decisions or problems, avoids them and goes with whatever the current flow is?
diffuse-avoidant
when does healthy identity development occur?
families are a safe place where children can express their feelings and opinions, receive warmth and love, and have positive relationships. authoritative parenting
for someone that considers justice to be more moral than caring for others, which sex is higher?
boys
which gender is more advanced in moral reasoning?
females
what aspect of moral reasoning do females focus on most?
care
when are peers influences on moral reasoning greatest?
when they are of different perspectives. builds cooperation and respect despite differences. learn fairness
what 3 characteristics are most important in adolescent relationships?
1) intimacy
2) mutual understanding
3) loyal
what are groups of 5-7 friends from similar backgrounds with similar attitudes and beliefs, tightly knit and emotionally close?
cliques
what are flexible groups made up of several cliques, which emphasizes status over emotional benefits?
crowds
which is based off stereotypes and give an adolescent identity in a larger social situation, crowds or cliques?
crowds
which decreases in importance as teenagers mature?
crowds
what factors contribute to the development of depression?
heritability
maladaptive parenting
learned-helplessness
negative life events
girls at puberty (hormonal changes & 5HTTLPR gene)
estrogen
feminine coping styles
why do adults minimize the seriousness of adolescent depression?
adolescence is seen as a turbulent time so parents often attribute children’s depression to being a phase or result of hormonal changes. they assume it’s part of being a teenager
how long is puberty in adolescence?
3-4 years
do both sexes have both hormones?
yes but at different levels
what is responsible for gains in body size, muscle growth, body/facial hair, and secondary sex characteristics in men?
testosterone
what is responsible for maturation of breasts, uterus, vagina, regulating menstrual cycles, and causing fat to accumulate?
estrogen
how much body growth happens in adolescence?
10” (bulk 6-12 months)
50-75 lbs
what happens to male’s motor development and physical activity in adolescence?
increases
what happens to females motor development in adolescence?
plateaus at 14 years, few girls perform to level of the average boy
what happens to female’s physical activity in adolescence?
decreases (social pressure, don’t want to be seen as masculine)
what is gender intensification?
increased stereotyped attitudes and behaviours
what are physical features that involve reproductive organs directly?
primary sex characteristics
what are features visible outside of the body —> signs?
secondary sex characteristics
what is the first menstrual cycle?
menarche
what part of the menstrual cycle does not occur during the first 12-18 months?
ovulation
why doesn’t ovulation happen during the first 12-18 months?
nature’s way of protecting her a little longer
what is the age range for menarche?
10-15 years
what is the average age for menarche?
12 years
why does menarche happen after peak of growth spurt?
needs to be big enough to maintain a pregnancy
why might there be a delay in menarche?
physical or emotional safety is threatened
1) starvation
2) eating disorders
3) exercise sports
what is spermarche?
1st ejaculation
when does spermarche happen on average?
13
what are females feelings about puberty typically?
mixed
what is females inclination upon puberty?
they want to be informed through peers/adults. tend and befriend to garner support
what are males’ inclinations upon puberty?
reading material, fight or flight
what is the best thing to do for a male going through puberty?
point them to healthy, safe sources
what is the best to worst group to be in for gender and puberty arrival time?
late girl
early boy
late boy
early girl
why is the very worst group early girl?
maladaptive issues
- drug/alcohol
- sex behavior
- poor school performance
what has happened to teen sexual activity?
decreased, fewer partners
what are the feelings of people who have casual sex?
feel guilt and shame
why is teen pregnancy a bigger problem today?
fewer get married or place babies for adoption
what type of moms don’t interact effectively with children, have no clear sense of self, have hard life conditions, and immature personality attributes?
teen moms
what is effective sex ed?
- give techniques for sexual situations
- clear messages appropriate for culture and experiences
- repeated
- contraceptives
what should you do with your teenager for sex ed?
- regular, spontaneous discussions
- general openness
- gospel, be positive, boundaries, purposes
- consider relationship (both parents if can)
- use anatomically correct terms
- maintain eye contact
- answer honestly
- get a baseline
what is piaget’s fourth aspect of cognitive development?
formal operations
what kind of thinking happens in formal operations?
think abstractly
what is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?
make predictions about variables that might affect an outcome and deduce logical, testable inferences from the hypothesis
what proportion of college students fail the pendulum experiment today due to lack of experience?
1/2
what are the 3 consequences of abstract thinking?
1) self-conscious and self-focused
2) idealism and criticism
3) decision-making
what 2 problems happen with self-conscious and self-focused thinking?
imaginary audience and personal fable
what is the belief that you are the focus of everyone’s attention and concern?
imaginary audience
what peaks in 7th and 8th grade and makes you sensitive to public criticism?
imaginary audience
what does social media make worse and longer?
imaginary audience
what is the belief that you are special and unique, so you are above rules and consequences, invincible, and untouchable?
personal fable
what belief causes increased suicide?
personal fable
what is idealism and criticism?
best possible outcomes vs. realism (what could actually happen)
what are adolescents decision making skills like?
better, but still struggle with:
- objectively identifying pros and cons of each alternative
- assessing likelihood of various outcomes
- evaluating their choice in terms of whether goals are met
what percentage of adolescents deal with depression?
20-25%
which gender is more willing to seek help for depression?
females
what is each gender’s depression like?
females 2x more likely to have it, but mild/moderate
males more severe
what are causes of depression?
we just don’t know… neurotransmitter, brain regions, hormonal response to stress, environment
when do most suicides occur because it is the end of stability?
april/may
why are males more successful in suicide, being males 5 females 1?
more “active”
what are the attempt to completion ratios for suicide?
attempt - 300
completion - 1
what are the 2 types of adolescents that engage in suicide?
1) highly intelligent but solitary - can’t live up to own expectations
2) antisocial tendencies
