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psych 201 > chap 11 & 12 > Flashcards

chap 11 & 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is girls’ motor development like in adolescence?

A

they are more gradual than boys. they plateau at about 14. not many girls perform as well as boys in sports

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2
Q

what is boys motor development like in adolescence?

A

rapid change in strength, speed, and endurance. boys develop throughout teenage years. they are stronger and faster than the average girl, so they have more participation in sports

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3
Q

what is an eating disorder characterized by binging, and then using extreme measures like vomiting, laxative use, excessive exercising, or fasting to keep weight off?

A

bulimia nervosa

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4
Q

who is most vulnerable to bulimia nervosa?

A

young people, usually girls or gay/bi boys

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5
Q

why is bulimia nervosa easier to treat than anorexia nervosa?

A

individuals with bulimia nervosa want help

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6
Q

what is the major contributor in the widening gender gap in college enrolment?

A

boys’ higher math and science achievement

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7
Q

what is stereotype threat?

A

fear of being judged in terms of a negative stereotype, for example, math and science are more “masculine” subjects, so when girls don’t succeed they attribute it to lack of ability

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8
Q

what happens to self concept in adolescence?

A

becomes more abstract and divided. they are learning who they are and have a difficult time identifying that, so they contradict themselves

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9
Q

why do social values become more important for adolescents?

A

they want to be viewed positively by other people

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10
Q

what happens to self esteem in mid to late adolescence?

A

increases because they increase in skills and accomplishments

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11
Q

what are the 4 steps in the path to identity?

A

1) identity achievement
2) identity moratorium
3) identity foreclosure
4) identity diffusion

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12
Q

what cognitive style is used with identity achievement?

A

information-gathering

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13
Q

what cognitive style is used with identity moratorium?

A

information gathering

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14
Q

what cognitive style is used with identity foreclosure?

A

dogmatic/inflexible

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15
Q

what cognitive style is used with identity diffusion?

A

diffuse-avoidant

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16
Q

what step on the identity path involves committing to certain goals or virtues after investigating options?

A

identity achievement

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17
Q

what step on the path to identity is exploring without having committed yet?

A

identity moratorium

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18
Q

what step on the identity path is committing without doing any exploring beforehand?

A

identity foreclosure

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19
Q

what step on the path to identity is there neither commitment or exploration?

A

identity diffusion

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20
Q

what cognitive style seeks out information to help them with their decision, evaluate it, and apply it to their perspective?

A

information gathering

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21
Q

what cognitive style perpetuates the beliefs of parents or peers without doing any research or reflecting themselves because they want to be accepted and loved by people they depend on for affection?

A

dogmatic, inflexible

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22
Q

which cognitive style avoids their personal decisions or problems, avoids them and goes with whatever the current flow is?

A

diffuse-avoidant

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23
Q

when does healthy identity development occur?

A

families are a safe place where children can express their feelings and opinions, receive warmth and love, and have positive relationships. authoritative parenting

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24
Q

for someone that considers justice to be more moral than caring for others, which sex is higher?

A

boys

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25
Q

which gender is more advanced in moral reasoning?

A

females

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26
Q

what aspect of moral reasoning do females focus on most?

A

care

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27
Q

when are peers influences on moral reasoning greatest?

A

when they are of different perspectives. builds cooperation and respect despite differences. learn fairness

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28
Q

what 3 characteristics are most important in adolescent relationships?

A

1) intimacy
2) mutual understanding
3) loyal

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29
Q

what are groups of 5-7 friends from similar backgrounds with similar attitudes and beliefs, tightly knit and emotionally close?

A

cliques

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30
Q

what are flexible groups made up of several cliques, which emphasizes status over emotional benefits?

A

crowds

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31
Q

which is based off stereotypes and give an adolescent identity in a larger social situation, crowds or cliques?

A

crowds

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32
Q

which decreases in importance as teenagers mature?

A

crowds

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33
Q

what factors contribute to the development of depression?

A

heritability
maladaptive parenting
learned-helplessness
negative life events
girls at puberty (hormonal changes & 5HTTLPR gene)
estrogen
feminine coping styles

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34
Q

why do adults minimize the seriousness of adolescent depression?

A

adolescence is seen as a turbulent time so parents often attribute children’s depression to being a phase or result of hormonal changes. they assume it’s part of being a teenager

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35
Q

how long is puberty in adolescence?

A

3-4 years

36
Q

do both sexes have both hormones?

A

yes but at different levels

37
Q

what is responsible for gains in body size, muscle growth, body/facial hair, and secondary sex characteristics in men?

A

testosterone

38
Q

what is responsible for maturation of breasts, uterus, vagina, regulating menstrual cycles, and causing fat to accumulate?

A

estrogen

39
Q

how much body growth happens in adolescence?

A

10” (bulk 6-12 months)
50-75 lbs

40
Q

what happens to male’s motor development and physical activity in adolescence?

A

increases

41
Q

what happens to females motor development in adolescence?

A

plateaus at 14 years, few girls perform to level of the average boy

42
Q

what happens to female’s physical activity in adolescence?

A

decreases (social pressure, don’t want to be seen as masculine)

43
Q

what is gender intensification?

A

increased stereotyped attitudes and behaviours

44
Q

what are physical features that involve reproductive organs directly?

A

primary sex characteristics

45
Q

what are features visible outside of the body —> signs?

A

secondary sex characteristics

46
Q

what is the first menstrual cycle?

A

menarche

47
Q

what part of the menstrual cycle does not occur during the first 12-18 months?

A

ovulation

48
Q

why doesn’t ovulation happen during the first 12-18 months?

A

nature’s way of protecting her a little longer

49
Q

what is the age range for menarche?

A

10-15 years

50
Q

what is the average age for menarche?

A

12 years

51
Q

why does menarche happen after peak of growth spurt?

A

needs to be big enough to maintain a pregnancy

52
Q

why might there be a delay in menarche?

A

physical or emotional safety is threatened
1) starvation
2) eating disorders
3) exercise sports

53
Q

what is spermarche?

A

1st ejaculation

54
Q

when does spermarche happen on average?

A

13

55
Q

what are females feelings about puberty typically?

A

mixed

56
Q

what is females inclination upon puberty?

A

they want to be informed through peers/adults. tend and befriend to garner support

57
Q

what are males’ inclinations upon puberty?

A

reading material, fight or flight

58
Q

what is the best thing to do for a male going through puberty?

A

point them to healthy, safe sources

59
Q

what is the best to worst group to be in for gender and puberty arrival time?

A

late girl
early boy
late boy
early girl

60
Q

why is the very worst group early girl?

A

maladaptive issues
- drug/alcohol
- sex behavior
- poor school performance

61
Q

what has happened to teen sexual activity?

A

decreased, fewer partners

62
Q

what are the feelings of people who have casual sex?

A

feel guilt and shame

63
Q

why is teen pregnancy a bigger problem today?

A

fewer get married or place babies for adoption

64
Q

what type of moms don’t interact effectively with children, have no clear sense of self, have hard life conditions, and immature personality attributes?

A

teen moms

65
Q

what is effective sex ed?

A
  • give techniques for sexual situations
  • clear messages appropriate for culture and experiences
  • repeated
  • contraceptives
66
Q

what should you do with your teenager for sex ed?

A
  • regular, spontaneous discussions
  • general openness
  • gospel, be positive, boundaries, purposes
  • consider relationship (both parents if can)
  • use anatomically correct terms
  • maintain eye contact
  • answer honestly
  • get a baseline
67
Q

what is piaget’s fourth aspect of cognitive development?

A

formal operations

68
Q

what kind of thinking happens in formal operations?

A

think abstractly

69
Q

what is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

A

make predictions about variables that might affect an outcome and deduce logical, testable inferences from the hypothesis

70
Q

what proportion of college students fail the pendulum experiment today due to lack of experience?

A

1/2

71
Q

what are the 3 consequences of abstract thinking?

A

1) self-conscious and self-focused
2) idealism and criticism
3) decision-making

72
Q

what 2 problems happen with self-conscious and self-focused thinking?

A

imaginary audience and personal fable

73
Q

what is the belief that you are the focus of everyone’s attention and concern?

A

imaginary audience

74
Q

what peaks in 7th and 8th grade and makes you sensitive to public criticism?

A

imaginary audience

75
Q

what does social media make worse and longer?

A

imaginary audience

76
Q

what is the belief that you are special and unique, so you are above rules and consequences, invincible, and untouchable?

A

personal fable

77
Q

what belief causes increased suicide?

A

personal fable

78
Q

what is idealism and criticism?

A

best possible outcomes vs. realism (what could actually happen)

79
Q

what are adolescents decision making skills like?

A

better, but still struggle with:
- objectively identifying pros and cons of each alternative
- assessing likelihood of various outcomes
- evaluating their choice in terms of whether goals are met

80
Q

what percentage of adolescents deal with depression?

A

20-25%

81
Q

which gender is more willing to seek help for depression?

A

females

82
Q

what is each gender’s depression like?

A

females 2x more likely to have it, but mild/moderate
males more severe

83
Q

what are causes of depression?

A

we just don’t know… neurotransmitter, brain regions, hormonal response to stress, environment

84
Q

when do most suicides occur because it is the end of stability?

A

april/may

85
Q

why are males more successful in suicide, being males 5 females 1?

A

more “active”

86
Q

what are the attempt to completion ratios for suicide?

A

attempt - 300
completion - 1

87
Q

what are the 2 types of adolescents that engage in suicide?

A

1) highly intelligent but solitary - can’t live up to own expectations
2) antisocial tendencies

psych 201 (12 decks)

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