chap 5 Flashcards
what is the term for a baby finding an object several times in an initial hiding place, seeing the object moved to a new hiding place but still looking for it in initial place?
A-not-B search error
why does A-not-B search error occur according to Piaget?
babies do this because they do not have object permanence yet. the object ceases existing when it’s out of sight
what are the 3 concepts of sensorimotor stage to remember?
1) circular reaction
2) object permanence
3) mental representation
what sensorimotor stage includes a chance event that a child stumbles on and likes, so they repeat it again and again?
circular reaction
what sensorimotor stage would a child say, “again, again”?
circular reaction
when do circular reactions develop?
1-4 months
what is the adaptive value to circular reactions?
allows child to learn all there is about that one toy, action, or behavior
what sensorimotor stage involves the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight?
object permanence
how do they test object permanence in babies?
at 3 months, drag an object behind a blinder and if babies continue to track it they have object permanence
when did piaget theorize that object permanence took place?
8-12 months
what is the sensorimotor stage when children go from being action-based to thinking-based?
mental representation
what is the explanation for being more hands on at first but advancing to working it out in our minds as we learn?
mental representation
which aspect of memory has the most limited capacity?
working memory
which part of memory represents incoming sights and sounds and stores them briefly?
sensory register
what sends information from the sensory register to the next phase?
attention to information
what part of the memory holds a limited amount of info that must be worked on to remember and problem solve?
short-term memory store (working memory)
what helps us to remember things long-term?
repeating and rehearsing
what part of memory stores information permanently?
long-term memory
how do we retrieve information from long term memory?
applying strategies like repeating and rehearsing?
what is the conscious part of mind that sorts through incoming info and controls attention?
central executive
what part of memory selects strategies that allow for long-term memory, reasoning, comprehension, and problem solving?
central executive
what is the difference between recognition and recall?
recognition = realizing that an object or stimulus is like one you’ve experienced before
recall = having to remember an object or stimulus that isn’t present
why is categorization important for babies?
it helps them learn and remember things they experience so they don’t have an overload of info every day
what are babies earliest categories based on?
shape, size, and other physical properties
what is the zone of proximal development?
tasks children can’t complete by themselves but can with the help of a skilled partner
what is scaffolding?
assisting learner through teaching, demonstrating, encouraging, then stepping back and allowing learner to problem-solve
what is the correlation between the child’s abilities and the help they need?
negative
how does scaffolding support the child’s zone of PD?
tasks and help given are all individualized to the child and their current abilities
what is the referential style of language learning?
referential uses words that refer more to objects
what is the expressive style of language learning?
consists of social phrases like “thank you” and “i want it”
what is the difference between kids who use referential vs expressive?
kids using referential understand words as tools to name objects, while expressive style use their vocabulary to express their needs and desires
which style of language learning is more common in english-speaking cultures?
referential
which style of language learning is more common in chinese, japanese, and korean cultures?
expressive
who developed the discontinuous/stage theory of cognitive development?
Piaget
what is an organized way of making sense of an experience?
scheme
what are 2 types of schemes proposed by Piaget?
1) adaptation
2) organization
what is direct interaction with environment, proposed by Piaget?
adaptation
what type of adaptation must child use when experience does not fit into their existing schemes?
accommodation
what type of adaptation takes place when new experience fits into existing schemes?
assimilation
what type of adaptation is considered equilibrium?
assimilation
what type of adaptation is considered disequilibrium?
accommodation
what type of scheme would be the child learning that if they open their hand, an object falls to the ground?
adaptation
in disequilibrium, is cognitive change slow or rapid?
rapid
what type of scheme is an internal process of rearranging and linking together?
organization
what does the behaviorist theory of language propose?
uses imitation and reinforcers to learn language
what is a limitation of the behaviorist theory of language?
kids will coin their own phrases based on salient features
what is the nativist theory on language?
grammatical rules are too complex to be directly taught so there is an LAD in brain (language acquisition device)
who developed the nativist theory in language?
Noam Chamsky
what is the interactionist theory of language?
nature and nurture. nature is the innate capacity and innate desire to be social. nurture is the imitation and reinforcers
which comes first: comprehension or production?
comprehension comes before production and is more stable
when do babies start cooing?
2 months
how old do babies begin to babble (ma, ba, da)?
4-6 months
at what age do babies screen out sounds that don’t contribute to language community and recognize familiar words/sounds?
4-6 months
how old are deaf babies when they stop babbling?
7 months
how old are babies when they use gestures, intonation patterns imitate language?
8-10 months
what parental technique helps babies learn vocabulary/labels and see that language works?
when baby gestures/babbles for something, you say it for them
at what age do babies have joint attention?
10-12 months
how do you tell that babies have joint attention?
they align their visual field with your visual field
when do first words start to appear, about 1-6 words?
12-18 months
when does language explode, learning 15-20 words/week?
18-24 months
when does telegraphic speech develop?
20-24 months
what is telegraphic speech?
2-3 word utterances like “want water” “no bed”
why might speech development be delayed?
other people are speaking for them so there’s no need
what are gender differences in language?
girls ahead in vocabulary
why are girls ahead in vocab?
nature : @ 40 weeks girls are 1 week ahead in physical maturation
nurture : moms talk to daughters more than sons
what is under extension?
language used too narrowly. (only a wrench is a tool, not a hammer too)
what is overextension?
language used too broadly (every animal is a kitty)
why do children make under extension and overextension errors?
they don’t know categorization boundaries
what is infant-directed speech?
- short sentences with clear pronunciation
- give child directions
- ask questions
- repetition
- high-pitched voice
what is the method to understand how information is presented and put into memory?
information processing
what are the components of information processing?
sensory register, short-term memory, working memory, long-term memory, central executive
what are the capacities of information processing?
analyze cognition info. it’s cognition such as perception, attention, memory, categorization
what are the limits of information processing?
IP has difficulty putting components together into broad comprehensive theory
what are babies earliest categories?
perceptual
what is private speech?
when child speaks to themselves while performing tasks
when do children use private speech most?
when task is appropriately challenging, when they make a mistake, or don’t know how to move forward
what includes excitability, sensitivity, and energy levels? the things that make you who you are?
temperament
