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psych 201 > chap 5 > Flashcards

chap 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the term for a baby finding an object several times in an initial hiding place, seeing the object moved to a new hiding place but still looking for it in initial place?

A

A-not-B search error

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2
Q

why does A-not-B search error occur according to Piaget?

A

babies do this because they do not have object permanence yet. the object ceases existing when it’s out of sight

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3
Q

what are the 3 concepts of sensorimotor stage to remember?

A

1) circular reaction
2) object permanence
3) mental representation

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4
Q

what sensorimotor stage includes a chance event that a child stumbles on and likes, so they repeat it again and again?

A

circular reaction

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5
Q

what sensorimotor stage would a child say, “again, again”?

A

circular reaction

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6
Q

when do circular reactions develop?

A

1-4 months

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7
Q

what is the adaptive value to circular reactions?

A

allows child to learn all there is about that one toy, action, or behavior

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8
Q

what sensorimotor stage involves the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight?

A

object permanence

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9
Q

how do they test object permanence in babies?

A

at 3 months, drag an object behind a blinder and if babies continue to track it they have object permanence

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10
Q

when did piaget theorize that object permanence took place?

A

8-12 months

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11
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage when children go from being action-based to thinking-based?

A

mental representation

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12
Q

what is the explanation for being more hands on at first but advancing to working it out in our minds as we learn?

A

mental representation

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13
Q

which aspect of memory has the most limited capacity?

A

working memory

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14
Q

which part of memory represents incoming sights and sounds and stores them briefly?

A

sensory register

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15
Q

what sends information from the sensory register to the next phase?

A

attention to information

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16
Q

what part of the memory holds a limited amount of info that must be worked on to remember and problem solve?

A

short-term memory store (working memory)

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17
Q

what helps us to remember things long-term?

A

repeating and rehearsing

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18
Q

what part of memory stores information permanently?

A

long-term memory

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19
Q

how do we retrieve information from long term memory?

A

applying strategies like repeating and rehearsing?

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20
Q

what is the conscious part of mind that sorts through incoming info and controls attention?

A

central executive

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21
Q

what part of memory selects strategies that allow for long-term memory, reasoning, comprehension, and problem solving?

A

central executive

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22
Q

what is the difference between recognition and recall?

A

recognition = realizing that an object or stimulus is like one you’ve experienced before

recall = having to remember an object or stimulus that isn’t present

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23
Q

why is categorization important for babies?

A

it helps them learn and remember things they experience so they don’t have an overload of info every day

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24
Q

what are babies earliest categories based on?

A

shape, size, and other physical properties

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25
Q

what is the zone of proximal development?

A

tasks children can’t complete by themselves but can with the help of a skilled partner

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26
Q

what is scaffolding?

A

assisting learner through teaching, demonstrating, encouraging, then stepping back and allowing learner to problem-solve

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27
Q

what is the correlation between the child’s abilities and the help they need?

A

negative

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28
Q

how does scaffolding support the child’s zone of PD?

A

tasks and help given are all individualized to the child and their current abilities

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29
Q

what is the referential style of language learning?

A

referential uses words that refer more to objects

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30
Q

what is the expressive style of language learning?

A

consists of social phrases like “thank you” and “i want it”

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31
Q

what is the difference between kids who use referential vs expressive?

A

kids using referential understand words as tools to name objects, while expressive style use their vocabulary to express their needs and desires

32
Q

which style of language learning is more common in english-speaking cultures?

A

referential

33
Q

which style of language learning is more common in chinese, japanese, and korean cultures?

A

expressive

34
Q

who developed the discontinuous/stage theory of cognitive development?

A

Piaget

35
Q

what is an organized way of making sense of an experience?

A

scheme

36
Q

what are 2 types of schemes proposed by Piaget?

A

1) adaptation
2) organization

37
Q

what is direct interaction with environment, proposed by Piaget?

A

adaptation

38
Q

what type of adaptation must child use when experience does not fit into their existing schemes?

A

accommodation

39
Q

what type of adaptation takes place when new experience fits into existing schemes?

A

assimilation

40
Q

what type of adaptation is considered equilibrium?

A

assimilation

41
Q

what type of adaptation is considered disequilibrium?

A

accommodation

42
Q

what type of scheme would be the child learning that if they open their hand, an object falls to the ground?

A

adaptation

43
Q

in disequilibrium, is cognitive change slow or rapid?

A

rapid

44
Q

what type of scheme is an internal process of rearranging and linking together?

A

organization

45
Q

what does the behaviorist theory of language propose?

A

uses imitation and reinforcers to learn language

46
Q

what is a limitation of the behaviorist theory of language?

A

kids will coin their own phrases based on salient features

47
Q

what is the nativist theory on language?

A

grammatical rules are too complex to be directly taught so there is an LAD in brain (language acquisition device)

48
Q

who developed the nativist theory in language?

A

Noam Chamsky

49
Q

what is the interactionist theory of language?

A

nature and nurture. nature is the innate capacity and innate desire to be social. nurture is the imitation and reinforcers

50
Q

which comes first: comprehension or production?

A

comprehension comes before production and is more stable

51
Q

when do babies start cooing?

A

2 months

52
Q

how old do babies begin to babble (ma, ba, da)?

A

4-6 months

53
Q

at what age do babies screen out sounds that don’t contribute to language community and recognize familiar words/sounds?

A

4-6 months

54
Q

how old are deaf babies when they stop babbling?

A

7 months

55
Q

how old are babies when they use gestures, intonation patterns imitate language?

A

8-10 months

56
Q

what parental technique helps babies learn vocabulary/labels and see that language works?

A

when baby gestures/babbles for something, you say it for them

57
Q

at what age do babies have joint attention?

A

10-12 months

58
Q

how do you tell that babies have joint attention?

A

they align their visual field with your visual field

59
Q

when do first words start to appear, about 1-6 words?

A

12-18 months

60
Q

when does language explode, learning 15-20 words/week?

A

18-24 months

61
Q

when does telegraphic speech develop?

A

20-24 months

62
Q

what is telegraphic speech?

A

2-3 word utterances like “want water” “no bed”

63
Q

why might speech development be delayed?

A

other people are speaking for them so there’s no need

64
Q

what are gender differences in language?

A

girls ahead in vocabulary

65
Q

why are girls ahead in vocab?

A

nature : @ 40 weeks girls are 1 week ahead in physical maturation
nurture : moms talk to daughters more than sons

66
Q

what is under extension?

A

language used too narrowly. (only a wrench is a tool, not a hammer too)

67
Q

what is overextension?

A

language used too broadly (every animal is a kitty)

68
Q

why do children make under extension and overextension errors?

A

they don’t know categorization boundaries

69
Q

what is infant-directed speech?

A
  • short sentences with clear pronunciation
  • give child directions
  • ask questions
  • repetition
  • high-pitched voice
70
Q

what is the method to understand how information is presented and put into memory?

A

information processing

71
Q

what are the components of information processing?

A

sensory register, short-term memory, working memory, long-term memory, central executive

72
Q

what are the capacities of information processing?

A

analyze cognition info. it’s cognition such as perception, attention, memory, categorization

73
Q

what are the limits of information processing?

A

IP has difficulty putting components together into broad comprehensive theory

74
Q

what are babies earliest categories?

A

perceptual

75
Q

what is private speech?

A

when child speaks to themselves while performing tasks

76
Q

when do children use private speech most?

A

when task is appropriately challenging, when they make a mistake, or don’t know how to move forward

77
Q

what includes excitability, sensitivity, and energy levels? the things that make you who you are?

A

temperament

psych 201 (12 decks)

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