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psych 201 > chap 13 & 14 > Flashcards

chap 13 & 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is senescence?

A

natural aging that everyone experiences after body structures hit their peak

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2
Q

what factors impact senescence?

A

environment, time period, DNA, and how they care for their bodies

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3
Q

what are three theories of aging?

A

1) programmed effects of specific genes (hayflick limit-telomeres)
2) cumulative effects of random events (free radicals)
3) cross-linkage theory of aging

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4
Q

what is the theory of programming effects of aging genes?

A

we inherit “aging genes” that determine the changes we experience as we age. over time, our telomeres shorten and then can’t duplicate again, which leaves us vulnerable to diseases, decreased functioning, and earlier death

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5
Q

what is the theory of cumulative effects of random events?

A

DNA is damaged through spontaneous or externally-caused mutations. researchers have hypothesized that this is due to free radicals, highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen. when oxygen is broken down, free radical looks for a replacement and destroys nearby cellular material

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6
Q

what have recent studies found about free radical damage and aging?

A

not necessarily correlated, but free radical damage may increase longevity

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7
Q

what is the cross-linkage theory of aging?

A

protein fibers form the body’s connective tissues link to each other. when fibers thag are meant to be separate cross-link, it leads to less elastic tissue and many negative outcomes. this cross-linkage can be reduced through living a healthy lifestyle, physical activity and nutritious diet

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8
Q

when do many athletic skills peak?

A

20-35

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9
Q

what specific athletic tasks peak in early 20’s?

A

tasks that require limb movement, explosiveness, gross-motor skills like sprinting, jumping, and tennis

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10
Q

what tasks peak in late 20’s and early 30’s?

A

endurance, arm-hand steadiness, aiming like long-distance running, baseball, golf

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11
Q

why do tasks that peak in late 20’s and early 30’s take longer to perfect?

A

require stamina and precision

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12
Q

what are lower levels of performance in healthy people attributed to?

A

body’s adaptation to a less physically demanding life - reduced capacities because they are not used as much anymore

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13
Q

what is dualistic thinking?

A

separating information, beliefs, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, and us and them

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14
Q

what is relativistic thinking?

A

no absolute truth, everything is a matter of opinion.
“what’s true for you is true for you, and what’s true for me is true for me”

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15
Q

what is commitment within relativistic thinking?

A

the focus is on finding a personally fulfilling view rather than choosing between opposing views. find logical criteria to measure things against and accept new evidence or ideas when they are presented

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16
Q

what is cognitive-affective complexity?

A

being aware of conflicting positive and negative feelings and bringing them together to form a complete and unique individual experience.

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17
Q

what are the 3 periods in selecting a vocation?

A

1) fantasy period
2) tentative period
3) realistic period

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18
Q

fantasy period?

A

children in early-middle childhood fantasize about future career options, but they are usually glamorized

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19
Q

tentative period?

A

between 11-16 years old, adolescents start to think more complexly about career options. consider them according to their interests, abilities, and values

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20
Q

realistic period?

A

in late teens and early twenties, people narrow down their options. they go through 2 phases, exploration where they find more info about options that will work well with their personality and crystallization where they focus on a general area, experiment, and eventually settle on an occupation

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21
Q

what is emerging adulthood?

A

transitional period between teenage years and taking on of adult roles

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22
Q

who culturally is most likely to experience emerging adulthood?

A

high SES and higher education.
cultures that delay entry into adult roles until they reach their 20’s. happens to privileged minority in developed countries and those in industrialized countries because their families can provide financially while they explore and seek higher ed.

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23
Q

what is erikson’s crisis in early adulthood?

A

intimacy vs. isolation

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24
Q

what is intimacy vs. isolation?

A

psychological conflict of early adulthood, seen in YA’s thoughts and feelings about
potentially committing to a partner and in their close friendships.

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25
Q

how does identity achievement impact intimacy?

A

identity achievement, having a secure sense of self, increases loyalty and love in intimacy. more ready for relationships and more committed relationships

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26
Q

what is identity moratorium?

A

exploration without commitment, negatively impacts intimacy. less loyalty and less love

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27
Q

what is the social clock?

A

society’s idea of the “right” age to reach milestones

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28
Q

how do other-sex friendships change after marriage?

A

for men, other-sex friendships decrease after marriage.
for women, other-sex friendships still increase as they make friends in the workplace

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29
Q

what can employers do to decrease the role overload working parents feel when combining work and family?

A

give time-flexible options
- give employees flexibility with daily start/stop times
- time off to help kids
- option to work from home

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30
Q

what results were seen with employees who were given time-flexible options by employers?

A

decreases stress and time off, increases work performance, ethic, and dedication to employers

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31
Q

what is the family life cycle?

A

sequence of phases that characterizes the development of most families

32
Q

what are the phases of the family life cycle?

A

1) leave home
2) get married
3) parenthood

33
Q

what are the alternatives to the family life cycle?

A

1) singlehood
2) cohabitation
3) childlessness
4) divorce and remarriage
5) never-married parents

34
Q

when does early adulthood occur?

A

18-40 yo

35
Q

what percentage of 18-24 yo return home?

A

50%

36
Q

what signs does a 18-24 yo returning home give off?

A

not a sign of weakness
sign of transition

37
Q

what percentage of HS grads seek higher ed?

A

70%

38
Q

what percentage of HS grads in higher ed drop out within or after 1st year?

A

40%

39
Q

what should universities do to retain their freshman?

A

reach out to freshman in first few weeks

40
Q

what type of college/university best provides additional psychological benefits like increased moral reasoning, better problem solving skills, and greater tolerance for diversity?

A

ANY

41
Q

worldwide, what are the top two characteristics that MEN look for in women?

A

1) physical attractiveness
2) domestic skills

42
Q

worldwide, what are the top two characteristics that WOMEN look for in men?

A

1) financially viable
2) intelligent

43
Q

what contributes to longevity in relationships?

A

similar interests

44
Q

what are the 5 things to consider in the getting married phase?

A

1) when
2) where
3) whom
4) types of marriages
5) components of love

45
Q

what has happened to the average age of people getting married since 1950?

A

increased

46
Q

what attachment style promotes healthy relationships?

A

secure!!

47
Q

who is most likely to have an avoidant attachment style?

A

men (under committed)

48
Q

who is most likely to have a resistant attachment style?

A

women (over committed)

49
Q

what is the difference between traditional and egalitarian marriages?

A

traditional - clear division of roles and responsibilities with MALE as provider
egalitarian - power and authority are shared, usually have a career-oriented woman

50
Q

what factor increases marital satisfaction for both husband and wife?

A

shared family responsibilities

51
Q

who identified the 3 components of love?

A

sternberg

52
Q

what are the 3 components of love?

A

1) intimacy
2) passion
3) commitment

53
Q

what is the emotional component of love, intermittently sharing back and forth?

A

intimacy

54
Q

what is the romance and sex component of love?

A

passion

55
Q

what is the maintenance of love?

A

commitment

56
Q

who has the best sex?

A

married (2+x/week)

57
Q

what comes with parenthood?

A

decision factors

58
Q

what is singlehood?

A

not living with sexual partner

59
Q

when does singlehood become stressful?

A

mid to late 20s because social clock is ticking

60
Q

why does singlehood become stressful for women in mid to late 30s?

A

biological clock is ticking

61
Q

what percentage of women stay single?

A

10%

62
Q

what is the advantage of singlehood?

A

freedom and mobility

63
Q

disadvantage of singlehood

A

loneliness

64
Q

what is cohabitation

A

living with sexual partner

65
Q

what is the preferred mode of entry into committed relationship for 30yo and younger today?

A

cohabitation

66
Q

what are the purposes of cohabitation?

A

1) prep for marriage (divorce rate high)
2) alternative to marriage - protecting assets

67
Q

what are the two forms of childlessness?

A

1) voluntary (career)
2) involuntary (infertility; single women who believe in waiting for marriage)

68
Q

what are the current divorce rates?

A

42-45%

69
Q

how long is the cycle of recovery for divorce?

A

2 years

70
Q

what are the odds of women divorcing?

A

women 2x more likely

71
Q

when are divorce transitions easiest?

A

mid-adulthood because of increased financial stability, older kids, more viable for remarriage

72
Q

what is the divorce rate in remarriages?

A

66-70%

73
Q

why are divorce rates so high in remarriages?

A

1) same issues
2) stepfamilies
3) divorce is viable option (habituate)

74
Q

how long does it take for blended families to develop connectedness?

A

3-5 years

75
Q

what percentage of US births are to single moms?

A

40%

76
Q

what is the largest group of single moms at 54%?

A

african american

77
Q

what percentage of single moms are caucasian women?

A

14%

psych 201 (12 decks)

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