chap 3 Flashcards
what are the 3 layers of cells at the beginning of the period of the embryo?
1) ectoderm
2) mesoderm
3) endoderm
which cell layer becomes the nervous system and skin?
ectoderm
which cell layer becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system and other internal organs?
mesoderm
which cell layer becomes the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands?
endoderm
in what period can the growing organism move and respond to touch?
period of the embryo
if a pregnant woman stops smoking in her 3rd trimester will it matter?
yes, she can stop at any time and it decreases the chances her baby will be underweight and have other problems
what is preeclampsia?
sudden increase in blood pressure, and woman’s hands, face, and feet swell
what is the other name for preeclampsia?
toxemia
what happens if preeclampsia is left untreated?
leads to convulsions in mother and death of the fetus
how is preeclampsia treated?
bed rest, hospitalization, drugs that lower blood pressure. if that doesn’t work baby must be delivered immediately
what are the stages of childbirth?
1) dilation and effacement of cervix
2) delivery of baby
3) delivery of placenta
what is the longest stage of childbirth, where contractions become increasingly stronger?
dilation and effacement of the cervix
what stage does the cervix open and create a channel from uterus to birth canal?
dilation and effacement of cervix
what stage does the mother feel impulse to push with contractions, forcing baby through birth canal?
delivery of the baby
what stage is the end of labor?
delivery of placenta
what stage of labor does the mother continue pushing and contracting, forcing the placenta to detach from uterine wall and exit the body?
delivery of placenta
what is the apgar scale?
rating system that doctors and nurses use immediately after birth to assess baby’s physical condition
what 5 characteristics is the apgar scale based on?
1) heart rate 2) respiratory effort 3) reflex irritability 4) muscle tone 5) color
when is the apgar scale administered?
twice immediately after birth, once after 1 minute and second after 5 minutes
what are risk factor for SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
low birth weight, poor apgar score, limp muscle tone, abnormal heart rate, abnormal respiration, disturbance in sleep, mild respiratory infection, impaired brain functioning, low serotonin, maternal smoking, prenatal drug abuse, infant sleep practices, poverty-stricken minorities
what are precautions against SIDS?
eliminate smoking/drugs, safe sleep environment, place infants on back and light sleep clothing, soother use
what types of sounds do babies prefer?
complex sounds, like noises or voices.
what types of sounds do babies listen longer to?
human speech, especially slow, high-pitched expressive speaking
whose voice do babies prefer over any other?
mother
can babies recognize their native language?
yes they even prefer it
what is the least developed sense at birth?
vision
which visual structures aren’t fully formed at birth?
retina, optic nerve, and lens
how long does it take visual structures to mature?
months, even years
what are the 3 periods of prenatal development?
1) germinal period
2) period of the embryo
3) period of the fetus
how long is the germinal period?
2 weeks
when does implantation occur?
day 7-9
where does the blastocyst implant?
uterine lining
what does the blastocyst form during the germinal period?
amnion, placenta, and umbilical cord
what is the organ that delivers nutrients and O2 to the baby and removes waste?
placenta
what connects the placenta and baby?
umbilical cord
what is the membrane responsible for cushioning and temperature regulation?
amnion
what fraction of zygotes don’t make it past the germinal period?
1/3
what is the most critical period?
period of the embryo
how long is the period of the embryo?
6 weeks (weeks 3-8)
what period is the growing and finishing?
period of the fetus
how long is the period of the fetus?
9 weeks - end of pregnancy
what is a teratogen?
any environmental agent that damages the baby prenatally
do teratogenic effects always manifest immediately?
no, they can be delayed
what are the 4 factors that effect the harm that teratogens do?
age, dose, heredity, and other negative influences
what structure surrounds the amnion and forms tiny, fingerlike blood vessels called villi?
chorion
which system develops the fastest?
nervous system
which cell layer forms the neural tube, or primitive spinal cord?
ectoderm
how is prenatal development divided?
trimesters
what is the white, cheese like substance that forms on the skin and protects baby from chapping in the amniotic fluid?
vernix
what is the white downy hair that helps vernix stick to the baby?
lanugo
what is the point that the baby can survive outside the womb, between 22-26 weeks?
age of viability
when does the fetus take on the start of their personality?
third trimester
infants who were more ______ during the third trimester became 1 year olds who could better handle frustration and 2 year olds who were more active and less fearful
active
what are examples of teratogen?
alcohol, smoking, toxoplasmosis, coffee, drugs, stress. sushi, raw meat
wheat effects do smoking have on baby?
low birth weight. nicotine constricts blood vessels, lessens blood flow to uterus, causes placenta to grow abnormally. nicotine increase CO in blood
what teratogen causes infants to be born feverish, irritable, have trouble sleeping and shrill, piercing cries (stresses baby)
drugs
what teratogen is from parasites found in animals, gardening soil, feces, raw meat and unwashed fruits or veggies?
toxoplasmosis
what teratogen causes eye/brain damage if it strikes in the 1st trimester, and visual and cognitive impairments for later on?
toxoplasmosis
how long is full gestation?
40 weeks
what is a typically healthy weight gain for mom?
20-30 lbs
what symptoms characterize the 1st trimester?
morning sickness (low blood sugar), fatigue
what is usually the most comfortable trimester?
2nd
which trimester does mom gain the most weight and get very uncomfy?
3rd
what type of care involves putting the naked baby on chest, wrapped in a blanket to let sleep?
kangaroo care
why is kangaroo care soothing for babies?
they were close to the heart in utero
what is the criteria to let premature newborn go home?
1) feedings by mouth
2) gaining weight
3) maintain body temp
how long does dilation and effacement last for a 1st time mom vs 2nd time?
12-14 hours vs 4-6 hours
why is delivery shorter for a 2nd birth?
you’re more relaxed, stretched out, muscle memory
how many cm do you need to be dilated?
10cm
what makes the tissue more pliable?
effacement
what is the length of delivery for a 1st baby vs 2nd baby?
1st - 1 hour vs 2nd - 10-20 minutes
how long does delivery of the placenta last?
5-15 minutes
what is breech presentation?
baby is butt/legs first
what are the 3 options for a breech baby?
1) dr. asks if she wants to try vaginally
2) dr. turns baby in utero a few days before delivery
3) c-section
what are the different delivery methods?
cesarean section, natural, hypnobirthing, natural, epidural
why do drs. not always recommend a vaginal birth after c-section (VBAC)?
higher rates of uterus rupture for VBAC
which delivery method involves treating the childbirth as a natural event, with no medicine?
natural
which delivery method involves meditation, deep breathing, and visualization?
hypnobirthing
which delivery method involves an injection to numb pain in lower extremities?
epidural
what are 2 newborn capacities?
1) reflex
2) states of arousal
what are the 3 purposes for reflexes in babies?
1) survival value - rooting reflex
2) future motor skills - stepping motion
3) social ties - (palmar grasp) help you connect with baby
what are the states of arousal?
sleep and cry
why do infants cry?
hungry, diaper, tired
what are dr. harvey karp’s 5 S’ for soothing?
swaddling, sidelying, sssshing, swinging, sucking
what is the first way that babies emotionally self-regulate?
sucking
what is the #1 cause of post-partum depression?
sleep deprivation
when should you keep stimulation minimal?
nighttime
how many hours do newborns sleep a day?
16-20
how many hours do 6mo sleep?
12-16 hours but more patterned, 8-12 hrs/night and 2-3 naps a day
how much time do babies spend in REM, where the central nervous system is developed?
50%
how much time do adults spend in REM sleep?
20%
what period do teratogens have most impact on fetus?
period of the embryo
