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psych 201 > chap 3 > Flashcards

chap 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 layers of cells at the beginning of the period of the embryo?

A

1) ectoderm
2) mesoderm
3) endoderm

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2
Q

which cell layer becomes the nervous system and skin?

A

ectoderm

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3
Q

which cell layer becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system and other internal organs?

A

mesoderm

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4
Q

which cell layer becomes the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands?

A

endoderm

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5
Q

in what period can the growing organism move and respond to touch?

A

period of the embryo

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6
Q

if a pregnant woman stops smoking in her 3rd trimester will it matter?

A

yes, she can stop at any time and it decreases the chances her baby will be underweight and have other problems

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7
Q

what is preeclampsia?

A

sudden increase in blood pressure, and woman’s hands, face, and feet swell

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8
Q

what is the other name for preeclampsia?

A

toxemia

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9
Q

what happens if preeclampsia is left untreated?

A

leads to convulsions in mother and death of the fetus

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10
Q

how is preeclampsia treated?

A

bed rest, hospitalization, drugs that lower blood pressure. if that doesn’t work baby must be delivered immediately

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11
Q

what are the stages of childbirth?

A

1) dilation and effacement of cervix
2) delivery of baby
3) delivery of placenta

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12
Q

what is the longest stage of childbirth, where contractions become increasingly stronger?

A

dilation and effacement of the cervix

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13
Q

what stage does the cervix open and create a channel from uterus to birth canal?

A

dilation and effacement of cervix

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14
Q

what stage does the mother feel impulse to push with contractions, forcing baby through birth canal?

A

delivery of the baby

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15
Q

what stage is the end of labor?

A

delivery of placenta

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16
Q

what stage of labor does the mother continue pushing and contracting, forcing the placenta to detach from uterine wall and exit the body?

A

delivery of placenta

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17
Q

what is the apgar scale?

A

rating system that doctors and nurses use immediately after birth to assess baby’s physical condition

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18
Q

what 5 characteristics is the apgar scale based on?

A

1) heart rate 2) respiratory effort 3) reflex irritability 4) muscle tone 5) color

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19
Q

when is the apgar scale administered?

A

twice immediately after birth, once after 1 minute and second after 5 minutes

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20
Q

what are risk factor for SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

A

low birth weight, poor apgar score, limp muscle tone, abnormal heart rate, abnormal respiration, disturbance in sleep, mild respiratory infection, impaired brain functioning, low serotonin, maternal smoking, prenatal drug abuse, infant sleep practices, poverty-stricken minorities

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21
Q

what are precautions against SIDS?

A

eliminate smoking/drugs, safe sleep environment, place infants on back and light sleep clothing, soother use

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22
Q

what types of sounds do babies prefer?

A

complex sounds, like noises or voices.

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23
Q

what types of sounds do babies listen longer to?

A

human speech, especially slow, high-pitched expressive speaking

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24
Q

whose voice do babies prefer over any other?

A

mother

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25
Q

can babies recognize their native language?

A

yes they even prefer it

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26
Q

what is the least developed sense at birth?

A

vision

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27
Q

which visual structures aren’t fully formed at birth?

A

retina, optic nerve, and lens

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28
Q

how long does it take visual structures to mature?

A

months, even years

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29
Q

what are the 3 periods of prenatal development?

A

1) germinal period
2) period of the embryo
3) period of the fetus

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30
Q

how long is the germinal period?

A

2 weeks

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31
Q

when does implantation occur?

A

day 7-9

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32
Q

where does the blastocyst implant?

A

uterine lining

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33
Q

what does the blastocyst form during the germinal period?

A

amnion, placenta, and umbilical cord

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34
Q

what is the organ that delivers nutrients and O2 to the baby and removes waste?

A

placenta

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35
Q

what connects the placenta and baby?

A

umbilical cord

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36
Q

what is the membrane responsible for cushioning and temperature regulation?

A

amnion

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37
Q

what fraction of zygotes don’t make it past the germinal period?

A

1/3

38
Q

what is the most critical period?

A

period of the embryo

39
Q

how long is the period of the embryo?

A

6 weeks (weeks 3-8)

40
Q

what period is the growing and finishing?

A

period of the fetus

41
Q

how long is the period of the fetus?

A

9 weeks - end of pregnancy

42
Q

what is a teratogen?

A

any environmental agent that damages the baby prenatally

43
Q

do teratogenic effects always manifest immediately?

A

no, they can be delayed

44
Q

what are the 4 factors that effect the harm that teratogens do?

A

age, dose, heredity, and other negative influences

45
Q

what structure surrounds the amnion and forms tiny, fingerlike blood vessels called villi?

A

chorion

46
Q

which system develops the fastest?

A

nervous system

47
Q

which cell layer forms the neural tube, or primitive spinal cord?

A

ectoderm

48
Q

how is prenatal development divided?

A

trimesters

49
Q

what is the white, cheese like substance that forms on the skin and protects baby from chapping in the amniotic fluid?

A

vernix

50
Q

what is the white downy hair that helps vernix stick to the baby?

A

lanugo

51
Q

what is the point that the baby can survive outside the womb, between 22-26 weeks?

A

age of viability

52
Q

when does the fetus take on the start of their personality?

A

third trimester

53
Q

infants who were more ______ during the third trimester became 1 year olds who could better handle frustration and 2 year olds who were more active and less fearful

A

active

54
Q

what are examples of teratogen?

A

alcohol, smoking, toxoplasmosis, coffee, drugs, stress. sushi, raw meat

55
Q

wheat effects do smoking have on baby?

A

low birth weight. nicotine constricts blood vessels, lessens blood flow to uterus, causes placenta to grow abnormally. nicotine increase CO in blood

56
Q

what teratogen causes infants to be born feverish, irritable, have trouble sleeping and shrill, piercing cries (stresses baby)

A

drugs

57
Q

what teratogen is from parasites found in animals, gardening soil, feces, raw meat and unwashed fruits or veggies?

A

toxoplasmosis

58
Q

what teratogen causes eye/brain damage if it strikes in the 1st trimester, and visual and cognitive impairments for later on?

A

toxoplasmosis

59
Q

how long is full gestation?

A

40 weeks

60
Q

what is a typically healthy weight gain for mom?

A

20-30 lbs

61
Q

what symptoms characterize the 1st trimester?

A

morning sickness (low blood sugar), fatigue

62
Q

what is usually the most comfortable trimester?

A

2nd

63
Q

which trimester does mom gain the most weight and get very uncomfy?

A

3rd

64
Q

what type of care involves putting the naked baby on chest, wrapped in a blanket to let sleep?

A

kangaroo care

65
Q

why is kangaroo care soothing for babies?

A

they were close to the heart in utero

66
Q

what is the criteria to let premature newborn go home?

A

1) feedings by mouth
2) gaining weight
3) maintain body temp

67
Q

how long does dilation and effacement last for a 1st time mom vs 2nd time?

A

12-14 hours vs 4-6 hours

68
Q

why is delivery shorter for a 2nd birth?

A

you’re more relaxed, stretched out, muscle memory

69
Q

how many cm do you need to be dilated?

A

10cm

70
Q

what makes the tissue more pliable?

A

effacement

71
Q

what is the length of delivery for a 1st baby vs 2nd baby?

A

1st - 1 hour vs 2nd - 10-20 minutes

72
Q

how long does delivery of the placenta last?

A

5-15 minutes

73
Q

what is breech presentation?

A

baby is butt/legs first

74
Q

what are the 3 options for a breech baby?

A

1) dr. asks if she wants to try vaginally
2) dr. turns baby in utero a few days before delivery
3) c-section

75
Q

what are the different delivery methods?

A

cesarean section, natural, hypnobirthing, natural, epidural

76
Q

why do drs. not always recommend a vaginal birth after c-section (VBAC)?

A

higher rates of uterus rupture for VBAC

77
Q

which delivery method involves treating the childbirth as a natural event, with no medicine?

A

natural

78
Q

which delivery method involves meditation, deep breathing, and visualization?

A

hypnobirthing

79
Q

which delivery method involves an injection to numb pain in lower extremities?

A

epidural

80
Q

what are 2 newborn capacities?

A

1) reflex
2) states of arousal

81
Q

what are the 3 purposes for reflexes in babies?

A

1) survival value - rooting reflex
2) future motor skills - stepping motion
3) social ties - (palmar grasp) help you connect with baby

82
Q

what are the states of arousal?

A

sleep and cry

83
Q

why do infants cry?

A

hungry, diaper, tired

84
Q

what are dr. harvey karp’s 5 S’ for soothing?

A

swaddling, sidelying, sssshing, swinging, sucking

85
Q

what is the first way that babies emotionally self-regulate?

A

sucking

86
Q

what is the #1 cause of post-partum depression?

A

sleep deprivation

87
Q

when should you keep stimulation minimal?

A

nighttime

88
Q

how many hours do newborns sleep a day?

A

16-20

89
Q

how many hours do 6mo sleep?

A

12-16 hours but more patterned, 8-12 hrs/night and 2-3 naps a day

90
Q

how much time do babies spend in REM, where the central nervous system is developed?

A

50%

91
Q

how much time do adults spend in REM sleep?

A

20%

92
Q

what period do teratogens have most impact on fetus?

A

period of the embryo

psych 201 (12 decks)

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