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psych 201 > chap 2 > Flashcards

chap 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are directly observable characteristics that depend in part on the individuals genotypes?

A

phenotypes

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2
Q

what are the complex blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics?

A

genotypes

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3
Q

what are the rodlike structures in the nucleus of a cell that store and transmit genetic information?

A

chromosomes

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4
Q

what chemical substance are chromosomes made up of?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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5
Q

how identical is the dna of humans and chimpanzees?

A

95%

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6
Q

what looks like a twisted ladder and is composed of segments called genes?

A

DNA

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7
Q

what are segments of DNA?

A

genes

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8
Q

what sends the instructions for making a rich assortment of proteins?

A

protein-coding genes

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9
Q

what triggers chemical reactions throughout the body and are the biological foundations on which characteristics are built?

A

protein-coding genes

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10
Q

what two special cells combine to make new individuals?

A

gametes or sex cells

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11
Q

what determines the gender of the baby?

A

sperm

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12
Q

how are gametes formed?

A

meiosis

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13
Q

what process halves the number of chromosomes in cells?

A

meiosis

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14
Q

what is a cell that results when a sperm and ovum unite at conception?

A

zygote

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15
Q

true or false: sex cells are unique in that they contain only 23 chromosomes

A

true

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16
Q

identical or fraternal: frequency of this type of multiple birth is 1/350 births

A

identical

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17
Q

identical or fraternal: most common type of multiple birth

A

fraternal

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18
Q

identical or fraternal: genetically no more alike than ordinary siblings

A

fraternal

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19
Q

identical or fraternal: type of multiple birth created when a zygote duplicates and separates into two clusters of cells

A

identical

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20
Q

identical or fraternal: older maternal age, fertility drugs, and in vitro are associated with this type of multiple birth

A

fraternal

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21
Q

true or false: children of single births are often healthier and develop more rapidly than twins in the early years

A

true

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22
Q

what is each form of a gene called?

A

allele

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23
Q

what is the child if alleles from both parents are alike?

A

homozygous

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24
Q

what is the child of alleles from both parents are different?

A

heterozygous

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25
Q

will child display trait if homozygous?

A

yes

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26
Q

will child display trait if heterozygous?

A

depends on relationship between alleles

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27
Q

what commonly known recessive disorder affects the way the body breaks down proteins contained in many foods?

A

PKU (phenylketonuria)

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28
Q

how do doctors identify PKU?

A

blood test

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29
Q

what is the most common intervention to prevent harmful aspects of PKU?

A

diet! eliminate phenylalanine from diet

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30
Q

can changes in environment alter the extent that an inherited disorder influences a person’s well-being?

A

yes

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31
Q

how does PKU manifest?

A

baby’s mental health declines, retardation

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32
Q

why are serious diseases only rarely due to dominant alleles?

A

a child with a dominant allele will develop disease and probably die before they can reproduce

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33
Q

why is huntington’s disease a dominant disorder that has endured?

A

it is a type of dementia and the symptom onset isn’t until mid to late 30s, when they’ve already reproduced

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34
Q

true or false: males are more likely than females to be affected by X-linked inheritance

A

true, their sex chromosomes do not match

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35
Q

what are 2 types of x-linked disorders?

A

hemophilia (blood doesn’t clot)
fragile x-syndrome (intellectual disability)

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36
Q

how are harmful genes created?

A

mutation! sudden, permanent change in a dna segment

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37
Q

what characteristics are due to polygenic inheritance?

A

height, weight, intelligence, personality

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38
Q

what inheritance involves many genes determining the characteristic?

A

polygenic

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39
Q

most chromosomal defects result from mistakes occurring during meiosis

A

chromosomal abnormalities

40
Q

what is the most common chromosomal abnormality, where there is a defect in 21st chromosome?

A

down syndrome

41
Q

the risk of bearing a down syndrome baby rises with:

A

maternal age (exponentially in 40s)

42
Q

what are consequences of down syndrome?

A

intellectual disability, speech problems, limited vocabulary, slow motor development, short and stocky, flat face, protruding tongue, almond eyes, and crease in hand (50% of time)

43
Q

what are factors that promote development in down syndrome babies?

A

engage with surroundings, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, sign language

44
Q

what reproductive tech involves taking a sperm and injecting it at the top of the cervix?

A

artificial insemination

45
Q

how much is artificial insemination?

A

$1500/each time

46
Q

what is the success rate for AI?

A

70-80%

47
Q

what is in vitro?

A

sperm and egg added to petri dish, form zygotes and injected at top of cervix

48
Q

how much is in vitro?

A

$10-15k

49
Q

what is the success rate of in vitro?

A

50% and decreases with age

50
Q

what are risks involved with surrogate motherhood

A

1) everyone wants baby
2) nobody wants baby
3) favors wealthy, exploits poor
4) increases insecurities in surrogate’s children

51
Q

what are 3 reasons that adopted children have more learning and emotional difficulties than other children?

A

1) the bio mom is unable to care for child, passes on tendencies like alcoholism/depression, or stress, poor diet, inadequate medical care
2) pre-adoptive history of conflict-ridden family relations, lack of affection, neglect, abuse, deprivation
3) adoptive parents and children are less alike than bio children which creates family disharmony

52
Q

why is the search for birth parents more likely during adolescence/early adulthood?

A

marriage and childbirth trigger it

53
Q

true or false: international adoptees develop more favourably than birth siblings or institutionalize agemates who remain in their birth country

A

true

54
Q

what does the term “bidirectional influences” mean within a family?

A

we mutually influence one another

55
Q

what is the difference between direct and indirect influences?

A

direct = person-person contact
indirect = 3rd party influences (quality of marriage affects interactions with kids)

56
Q

what is coparenting?

A

mutually support each other’s parenting behaviours - united front

57
Q

what are 3 interrelated variables that define socioeconomic status (SES)?

A

1) income
2) years of education
3) prestige of/skill required - career

58
Q

how does SES affect the timing and duration of phases of the family life cycle?

A

low SES - marry earlier, have kids earlier, more kids
high SES - marry later, kids later, less kids

59
Q

what is the influence of SES on parenting practices and parent-child interaction?

A

low SES - more criticism & physical punishment
focus on external characteristics - obedience, cleanliness, polite
high SES - talk to & read to
focus on psychological characteristics - curiosity, motivation, happiness

60
Q

true or false: affluent parents often engage in high levels of family interaction and parenting that promote favourable development

A

false

61
Q

why are affluent youth more troubled or poorly adjusted?

A

parents value accomplishments more than character - like things that are objectively measurable
affluent parents are busy, they get nannies, aren’t present

62
Q

what simple routine is associated with a reduction in adjustment difficulties for both affluent and low-SES youths?

A

family dinners

63
Q

what two groups are hit hardest by poverty?

A

1) parents under 25 with young kids
2) elderly who live alone

64
Q

what percentage of single moms with preschool kids live @ or below poverty line?

A

50%

65
Q

what are 5 outcomes children of poverty are more likely to have than other children?

A

1) poor physical health
2) persistent cognitive deficits
3) high-school dropout
4) mental illness
5) antisocial behavior

66
Q

why do neighborhood resources have a greater impact on economically disadvantaged kids than well-to-do?

A

affluent families don’t want/need those resources

67
Q

students whose parents are involved in school activities and attend parent-teacher conferences show…

A

increased academic achievement

68
Q

what reduces the energy that low SES parents have for school involvement?

A

daily stressors

69
Q

how do low SES parents often feel about coming to school?

A

uncomfortable

70
Q

who should be responsible for rearing young children?

A

any individual who has contact with them

71
Q

in what type of societies do individuals define themselves as part of a group?

A

collectivist

72
Q

in what societies do people think of themselves as separate entities and concern themselves with their own needs?

A

individualist

73
Q

which type of society values an interdependent self?

A

collectivist

74
Q

which type of society values an independent self?

A

individualist

75
Q

what are 3 values of a collectivist society?

A

1) social harmony
2) collaborative endeavours
3) responsibility to others

76
Q

what are 3 values of an individualist society?

A

1) personal choice
2) achievement
3) individual exploration

77
Q

what characteristics of the african & latino-american extended family reduce the stress of poverty and single parenthood?

A

live in extended family households, numerous adults contributing $, numerous adults contributing to childcare

78
Q

why have attempts to help children through public policy been difficult to realize in the US?

A

we value privacy and self-reliance, and programs are expensive

79
Q

true or false: the minimum income guaranteed to americans age 65 and older is less than the poverty line

A

true

80
Q

what is heritability?

A

measures extent that individual differences in complex traits in specific population are due to genetic factors

81
Q

what studies compare characteristics of family members and provide heritability estimates?

A

kinship studies

82
Q

true or false: among children and adolescents, heritability estimates from intelligence and personality are approximately 0.50, indicating that genetic makeup can explain half the variance in these traits

A

true

83
Q

true or false: unlike intelligence, heritability of personality does not increase over the lifespan

A

true

84
Q

what are 3 limits of heritability?

A

1) environments of twin pairs are less diverse than gen pop, so HE are exaggerated
2) misapplied (between ethnic groups)
3) limited usefulness - no precise info

85
Q

what is gene-environment interaction?

A

because of genetic makeup, individuals differ in responsiveness to qualities of environment

86
Q

true or false: sometimes different genetic-environmental combos can make two people look the same

A

true

87
Q

what is gene-environmental correlation?

A

our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed

88
Q

what are the 3 types of gene-environment correlation?

A

passive, evocative, active

89
Q

what type of gene-environment correlation involves children increasingly seeking out environments that fit their genetic tendencies (niche-picking)

A

active

90
Q

what type of gene-environment correlation involves a child’s style of responding influences others’ responses, which then strengthen the child’s original style

A

evocative

91
Q

what type of gene-environmental correlation involves parents providing an environment consistent with their own heredity. the child has little control

A

passive

92
Q

what is development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of environment?

A

epigenesis

93
Q

can environmental modification of a gene expression occur at any age, even prenatally?

A

yes

94
Q

what is methylation?

A

biochemical process triggered by certain experiences. set of chemical compounds (methyl group) lands on top of gene and reduces or silences its expression

95
Q

what factors during pregnancy concerning methylation can produce unfavourable outcomes?

A

maternal smoking, harmful prenatal environment, severe maternal stress

psych 201 (12 decks)

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