chap 7 Flashcards
what is scaffolding?
adjusting support to fit child’s current needs and suggesting strategies
which teaching approach promotes gains in children’s thinking?
scaffolding
what is language used for self-guidance?
private speech
what is a disciplinary tool that is only to be used limitedly, and really only good for preschoolers?
spanking
when would be an ok situation to spank?
1) they got into a situation where they could hurt themselves or others
2) direct defiance
3) last resort
what are 3 child rearing approaches?
1) authoritative
2) authoritarian
3) permissive
what childrearing approach is firm and loving, and gives reasonable demands insisting the child obey?
authoritative
what childrearing approach is warm, loving, listening, and appropriate autonomy is granted?
authoritative
what childrearing approach is highly responsive and highly demanding?
authoritative
what childrearing approach results in the highest self-esteem, best self control, and most independent?
authoritative
what has a high value on conformity, excessive, harsh punishment and too little autonomy?
authoritarian
what parenting style is “my way or the highway!”?
authoritarian
what parenting style results in anxious, bullying, and unhappy children, as they are most controlled?
authoritarian
what parenting style focuses on being the child’s best friend, and “you do you”?
permissive
what child rearing style has no real demands, is warm and loving, and too much autonomy?
permissive
why have we shifted to permissive parenting?
lack confidence in own parenting skills
what child rearing style results in immature, impulse control problems, and dependent children?
permissive
what parenting style is high responsiveness but low demands?
permissive
what parenting style is low responsiveness but high demands?
authoritarian
what style of timeout works best for boys?
1 min/year of age
what style of timeout works best for girls?
emotion control - “when you are ready to ________ please rejoin us”
what is sis roberts fav child rearing strategy?
love & logic - natural/logical consequences to help guide discipline
how much do kids grow in preschool years in height and weight?
2-3inches/year and 5lbs/year
what is a key part of children’s physical development?
nutrition
what is positively correlated with obesity in children?
maternal restriction
are children’s eating habits steady?
no they have periods where they eat more or less
how many exposures does it take before kids readily eat novel food?
8-15
do kids prefer food they’ve been exposed to before?
yes
why is shoe tying a landmark event for preschoolers?
1) follow series of steps in order
2) sustained attention
3) manual dexterity
what activities are boy superior in?
1) speed
2) power
3) force
what types of activities are girls superior in?
1) fine motor
2) balance
3) coordinated foot movement
why does the US lag behind other nations in immunizations?
low-income preschool age children lack access to health care, paternal stress and vaccination safety misconceptions
what are arguments for immunizations ?
vaccines protect against disease
they undergo a lengthy approval process by FDA
it’s easier to prevent than treat
vaccines have eradicated deadly diseases
what are arguments against immunizations?
religious beliefs prohibit them
side effects
haven’t seen the need for them/disease doesn’t seem prevalent enough
what is the likelihood that a boy will be injured vs a girl?
boys 2x more likely, and more severe
what are other factors that make children more at risk for injury?
- temperamental and personality characteristics
- poverty
- single parenthood
- low parental education
- broad societal conditions
what are the most common childhood injuries?
- auto/traffic accidents
- suffocation
- drowning
- poisoning
what is the most frequent childhood injury and the leading cause of death in preschool years?
motor vehicle collisions
what is the best prevention for childhood injury in motor vehicle collisions?
age-appropriate restraints in vehicles
what is fast mapping?
capacity for child to understand how a word relates to its meaning after just one short exposure to word in context
what is overregularization?
language follows rules, but not strictly. children overuse grammar rules in situations where they don’t apply
what is expand and recast?
how adults can help in child’s language development
expand = adult responds to what child said, expanding on concept
recast = adult responds to incorrect grammar by restating correctly
who conceptualized the Preoperational stage?
Piaget
what is the preoperational stage?
- thinking follows their logic
- they increase in make-believe play to practice and strengthen newly acquired schemes
what age span is the preoperational stage?
years 2-7
what are 3 aspects of make-believe play in preoperational stage?
1) more symbolic
2) less self-centered
3) more complex (sociodramatic)
what are limitations to preoperational thinking?
1) egocentrism
2) animistic thinking
3) inability to conserve
what is the failure to distinguish symbolic viewpoints of others from your own?
egocentrism
what is the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities?
animistic thinking
why do children have the inability to conserve?
1) centration - only focus on 1 aspect of problem at a time
2) irreversibility - don’t understand how to reverse & get back to starting point
what is conservation in the context of inability to conserve?
certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even when outward appearances change
what are some effects of tv and video game violence?
- increase in hostile thoughts and emotions
- verbally, physically, relationally aggressive behavior
- children and adolescents have greater appetite for violent media
- lasting negative consequences on parent and peer relations
which gender devotes more time to violent media?
boys
what is overpraising?
using exaggerations, insincere compliments, extreme language. and praise that hasn’t been earned
what kind of praise makes comparisons to other children?
social comparison praise
what are negative effects of overpraising?
- impaired self image (narcissism)
- feelings of entitlement/inadequacy
- undermines motivation
- loss of interest in activities
what type of praise emphasizes a child’s traits like appearance or intelligence?
person
what type of praise emphasizes behavior and effort?
process
what did wentzel and brophy say about effective praise?
“children do not benefit from compliments that have no basis in real accomplishment.”
what are the three S’s for good praise?
1) specific
2) sincere
3) short
what is the set of attributes, attitudes, abilities, and values that define who you are?
self-concept
what is a preschooler’s self-concept like?
superficial - name, what they’re wearing, possession
what are three things you can do to help your child share?
1) use timer
2) reassure that friend won’t take toy home
3) you can put up toys that are too special during play group
what is self-esteem?
judgments we make of our worth
why is self-esteem so critical?
it guides our choices
what can you do to increase your child’s self-esteem?
give child opportunities to develop competence at useful skills and tasks
what is a preschooler’s self-esteem like?
extremely high
where is language located in the brain of a left-handed child?
right hemisphere or shared across hemispheres
what is lateralization like in a left-handers brain?
less lateralized/specialized for cognitive functions
do left-handers usually have developmental problems?
no
what are developmental advantages of being left-handed?
advantages in speed and thinking flexibility, they can be more advanced in math and verbal speaking skills
what is needed to promote developmental of almost all body tissues?
growth hormone
what are the results is a child lacks growth hormone?
child’s growth will be stunted, usually reaching a height between 4-4.5 feet
what does thyroid stimulating hormone do?
prompts the thyroid to release thyroxine, which is needed for brain development and to allow growth hormone to have its full effect on size
what happens if a baby doesn’t have thyroxine?
development of CNS is compromised and child will be intellectually disabled
after the critical period of brain development is passed, what happens to children who have low thyroxine?
grow at a slower rate than normal but no brain implications
what is private speech?
how children speak to themselves for guidance while working out tasks
when is private speech used?
- task is adequately difficult for child
- after making mistake
- unsure what action to take
what is elaborative style?
uses scaffolding to help a child recall and narrate an experience. follow lead of the child, ask questions, add to the story, and share their own take on events. makes for a fuller style in child’s mind and they can tell it again in more detail when older
what is repetitive style?
consists of asking the child the same questions about the event. parent doesn’t offer any info to child but leaves it open-ended and continues repeating same questions
what are the 4 stages of peer sociability?
1) non social activity
2) parallel play
3) associative play
4) cooperative play
what kind of play would the child observe what is going on at the park and go on the swings by themselves?
nonsocial activity
what kind of play would the child play on the jungle gym around other children but not engage?
parallel play
what kind of play would children play together on a playground, taking turns going on swings and monkey bars while talking to each other?
associative play
what kind of play would the child coordinate a game of tag on the playground?
cooperative play
what is proactive aggression?
children attack out of desire or need for an object or outcome, not based on emotion
what is the most common type of aggression?
proactive
what is reactive aggression?
intentional form of aggression, child means to cause harm because they are frustrated at a blocked goal
what type of aggression involves hurting other physically by kicking, pushing, biting, or wrecking someone’s belongings?
physical
what is verbal aggression?
hurting others through threatening physical harm, name-calling, or malicious teasing
what type of aggression hurts peer relationships by excluding, gossip, or friendship manipulation?
relational
which gender is more physically aggressive due to genetics and gender-role conformity?
boys
which gender is more verbally and relationally aggressive?
girls
at what age are girls mostly relationally aggressive?
preschool
which gender shows the highest overall rates of aggression?
boys
when children look for playmates of the same sex with similar interests and behaviours, that is what type of influence?
biological
what is a biological influence on gender-typing?
gravitate towards playmate of the same sex even if they are interested in different activities - they enjoy playing with someone like themselves
what is an environmental influence on gender typing?
- parents promote gender typing by encouraging gender-stereotyped behaviours, activities, toys, and qualities in children
- teachers separate boys and girls into groups, and pay more attention (+/-) to boys
- peers play with same-sex peers
what is having a more positive view of someone because they’re your same gender?
group favouritism
what is gender identity?
whether you see yourself as masculine or feminine in characteristics
what is having both masculine and feminine personality characteristics?
androgyny
what are guidelines for spanking?
1) talk with partner
2) consistent or child thinks you’re lying
3) not when angry
