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psych 201 > chap 7 > Flashcards

chap 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is scaffolding?

A

adjusting support to fit child’s current needs and suggesting strategies

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2
Q

which teaching approach promotes gains in children’s thinking?

A

scaffolding

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3
Q

what is language used for self-guidance?

A

private speech

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4
Q

what is a disciplinary tool that is only to be used limitedly, and really only good for preschoolers?

A

spanking

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5
Q

when would be an ok situation to spank?

A

1) they got into a situation where they could hurt themselves or others
2) direct defiance
3) last resort

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6
Q

what are 3 child rearing approaches?

A

1) authoritative
2) authoritarian
3) permissive

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7
Q

what childrearing approach is firm and loving, and gives reasonable demands insisting the child obey?

A

authoritative

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8
Q

what childrearing approach is warm, loving, listening, and appropriate autonomy is granted?

A

authoritative

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9
Q

what childrearing approach is highly responsive and highly demanding?

A

authoritative

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10
Q

what childrearing approach results in the highest self-esteem, best self control, and most independent?

A

authoritative

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11
Q

what has a high value on conformity, excessive, harsh punishment and too little autonomy?

A

authoritarian

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12
Q

what parenting style is “my way or the highway!”?

A

authoritarian

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13
Q

what parenting style results in anxious, bullying, and unhappy children, as they are most controlled?

A

authoritarian

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14
Q

what parenting style focuses on being the child’s best friend, and “you do you”?

A

permissive

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15
Q

what child rearing style has no real demands, is warm and loving, and too much autonomy?

A

permissive

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16
Q

why have we shifted to permissive parenting?

A

lack confidence in own parenting skills

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17
Q

what child rearing style results in immature, impulse control problems, and dependent children?

A

permissive

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18
Q

what parenting style is high responsiveness but low demands?

A

permissive

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19
Q

what parenting style is low responsiveness but high demands?

A

authoritarian

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20
Q

what style of timeout works best for boys?

A

1 min/year of age

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21
Q

what style of timeout works best for girls?

A

emotion control - “when you are ready to ________ please rejoin us”

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22
Q

what is sis roberts fav child rearing strategy?

A

love & logic - natural/logical consequences to help guide discipline

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23
Q

how much do kids grow in preschool years in height and weight?

A

2-3inches/year and 5lbs/year

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24
Q

what is a key part of children’s physical development?

A

nutrition

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25
Q

what is positively correlated with obesity in children?

A

maternal restriction

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26
Q

are children’s eating habits steady?

A

no they have periods where they eat more or less

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27
Q

how many exposures does it take before kids readily eat novel food?

A

8-15

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28
Q

do kids prefer food they’ve been exposed to before?

A

yes

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29
Q

why is shoe tying a landmark event for preschoolers?

A

1) follow series of steps in order
2) sustained attention
3) manual dexterity

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30
Q

what activities are boy superior in?

A

1) speed
2) power
3) force

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31
Q

what types of activities are girls superior in?

A

1) fine motor
2) balance
3) coordinated foot movement

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32
Q

why does the US lag behind other nations in immunizations?

A

low-income preschool age children lack access to health care, paternal stress and vaccination safety misconceptions

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33
Q

what are arguments for immunizations ?

A

vaccines protect against disease
they undergo a lengthy approval process by FDA
it’s easier to prevent than treat
vaccines have eradicated deadly diseases

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34
Q

what are arguments against immunizations?

A

religious beliefs prohibit them
side effects
haven’t seen the need for them/disease doesn’t seem prevalent enough

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35
Q

what is the likelihood that a boy will be injured vs a girl?

A

boys 2x more likely, and more severe

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36
Q

what are other factors that make children more at risk for injury?

A
  • temperamental and personality characteristics
  • poverty
  • single parenthood
  • low parental education
  • broad societal conditions
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37
Q

what are the most common childhood injuries?

A
  • auto/traffic accidents
  • suffocation
  • drowning
  • poisoning
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38
Q

what is the most frequent childhood injury and the leading cause of death in preschool years?

A

motor vehicle collisions

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39
Q

what is the best prevention for childhood injury in motor vehicle collisions?

A

age-appropriate restraints in vehicles

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40
Q

what is fast mapping?

A

capacity for child to understand how a word relates to its meaning after just one short exposure to word in context

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41
Q

what is overregularization?

A

language follows rules, but not strictly. children overuse grammar rules in situations where they don’t apply

42
Q

what is expand and recast?

A

how adults can help in child’s language development
expand = adult responds to what child said, expanding on concept
recast = adult responds to incorrect grammar by restating correctly

43
Q

who conceptualized the Preoperational stage?

A

Piaget

44
Q

what is the preoperational stage?

A
  • thinking follows their logic
  • they increase in make-believe play to practice and strengthen newly acquired schemes
45
Q

what age span is the preoperational stage?

A

years 2-7

46
Q

what are 3 aspects of make-believe play in preoperational stage?

A

1) more symbolic
2) less self-centered
3) more complex (sociodramatic)

47
Q

what are limitations to preoperational thinking?

A

1) egocentrism
2) animistic thinking
3) inability to conserve

48
Q

what is the failure to distinguish symbolic viewpoints of others from your own?

A

egocentrism

49
Q

what is the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities?

A

animistic thinking

50
Q

why do children have the inability to conserve?

A

1) centration - only focus on 1 aspect of problem at a time
2) irreversibility - don’t understand how to reverse & get back to starting point

51
Q

what is conservation in the context of inability to conserve?

A

certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even when outward appearances change

52
Q

what are some effects of tv and video game violence?

A
  • increase in hostile thoughts and emotions
  • verbally, physically, relationally aggressive behavior
  • children and adolescents have greater appetite for violent media
  • lasting negative consequences on parent and peer relations
53
Q

which gender devotes more time to violent media?

A

boys

54
Q

what is overpraising?

A

using exaggerations, insincere compliments, extreme language. and praise that hasn’t been earned

55
Q

what kind of praise makes comparisons to other children?

A

social comparison praise

56
Q

what are negative effects of overpraising?

A
  • impaired self image (narcissism)
  • feelings of entitlement/inadequacy
  • undermines motivation
  • loss of interest in activities
57
Q

what type of praise emphasizes a child’s traits like appearance or intelligence?

A

person

58
Q

what type of praise emphasizes behavior and effort?

A

process

59
Q

what did wentzel and brophy say about effective praise?

A

“children do not benefit from compliments that have no basis in real accomplishment.”

60
Q

what are the three S’s for good praise?

A

1) specific
2) sincere
3) short

61
Q

what is the set of attributes, attitudes, abilities, and values that define who you are?

A

self-concept

62
Q

what is a preschooler’s self-concept like?

A

superficial - name, what they’re wearing, possession

63
Q

what are three things you can do to help your child share?

A

1) use timer
2) reassure that friend won’t take toy home
3) you can put up toys that are too special during play group

64
Q

what is self-esteem?

A

judgments we make of our worth

65
Q

why is self-esteem so critical?

A

it guides our choices

66
Q

what can you do to increase your child’s self-esteem?

A

give child opportunities to develop competence at useful skills and tasks

67
Q

what is a preschooler’s self-esteem like?

A

extremely high

68
Q

where is language located in the brain of a left-handed child?

A

right hemisphere or shared across hemispheres

69
Q

what is lateralization like in a left-handers brain?

A

less lateralized/specialized for cognitive functions

70
Q

do left-handers usually have developmental problems?

A

no

71
Q

what are developmental advantages of being left-handed?

A

advantages in speed and thinking flexibility, they can be more advanced in math and verbal speaking skills

72
Q

what is needed to promote developmental of almost all body tissues?

A

growth hormone

73
Q

what are the results is a child lacks growth hormone?

A

child’s growth will be stunted, usually reaching a height between 4-4.5 feet

74
Q

what does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

A

prompts the thyroid to release thyroxine, which is needed for brain development and to allow growth hormone to have its full effect on size

75
Q

what happens if a baby doesn’t have thyroxine?

A

development of CNS is compromised and child will be intellectually disabled

76
Q

after the critical period of brain development is passed, what happens to children who have low thyroxine?

A

grow at a slower rate than normal but no brain implications

77
Q

what is private speech?

A

how children speak to themselves for guidance while working out tasks

78
Q

when is private speech used?

A
  • task is adequately difficult for child
  • after making mistake
  • unsure what action to take
79
Q

what is elaborative style?

A

uses scaffolding to help a child recall and narrate an experience. follow lead of the child, ask questions, add to the story, and share their own take on events. makes for a fuller style in child’s mind and they can tell it again in more detail when older

80
Q

what is repetitive style?

A

consists of asking the child the same questions about the event. parent doesn’t offer any info to child but leaves it open-ended and continues repeating same questions

81
Q

what are the 4 stages of peer sociability?

A

1) non social activity
2) parallel play
3) associative play
4) cooperative play

82
Q

what kind of play would the child observe what is going on at the park and go on the swings by themselves?

A

nonsocial activity

83
Q

what kind of play would the child play on the jungle gym around other children but not engage?

A

parallel play

84
Q

what kind of play would children play together on a playground, taking turns going on swings and monkey bars while talking to each other?

A

associative play

85
Q

what kind of play would the child coordinate a game of tag on the playground?

A

cooperative play

86
Q

what is proactive aggression?

A

children attack out of desire or need for an object or outcome, not based on emotion

87
Q

what is the most common type of aggression?

A

proactive

88
Q

what is reactive aggression?

A

intentional form of aggression, child means to cause harm because they are frustrated at a blocked goal

89
Q

what type of aggression involves hurting other physically by kicking, pushing, biting, or wrecking someone’s belongings?

A

physical

90
Q

what is verbal aggression?

A

hurting others through threatening physical harm, name-calling, or malicious teasing

91
Q

what type of aggression hurts peer relationships by excluding, gossip, or friendship manipulation?

A

relational

92
Q

which gender is more physically aggressive due to genetics and gender-role conformity?

A

boys

93
Q

which gender is more verbally and relationally aggressive?

A

girls

94
Q

at what age are girls mostly relationally aggressive?

A

preschool

95
Q

which gender shows the highest overall rates of aggression?

A

boys

96
Q

when children look for playmates of the same sex with similar interests and behaviours, that is what type of influence?

A

biological

97
Q

what is a biological influence on gender-typing?

A

gravitate towards playmate of the same sex even if they are interested in different activities - they enjoy playing with someone like themselves

98
Q

what is an environmental influence on gender typing?

A
  • parents promote gender typing by encouraging gender-stereotyped behaviours, activities, toys, and qualities in children
  • teachers separate boys and girls into groups, and pay more attention (+/-) to boys
  • peers play with same-sex peers
99
Q

what is having a more positive view of someone because they’re your same gender?

A

group favouritism

100
Q

what is gender identity?

A

whether you see yourself as masculine or feminine in characteristics

101
Q

what is having both masculine and feminine personality characteristics?

A

androgyny

102
Q

what are guidelines for spanking?

A

1) talk with partner
2) consistent or child thinks you’re lying
3) not when angry

psych 201 (12 decks)

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