chap 6 & 4 hehe Flashcards
what did erikson believe led to a healthy outcome in infancy, rather than food?
quality of caregiving
what is the conflict for the second year of life?
conflict of autonomy vs shame and doubt
how do babies manifest happiness as newborns?
smile during rem sleep, when full, stroked or rocked, hearing a parents voice
how old are babies when they start smiling at bright, moving objects?
one month old
when do babies develop the social smile, cued by a parents communication?
6-10 weeks
when do babies learn to laugh at obvious events?
3-4 months
how old are babies when they find non-typical events funny?
5-7 months
how old do babies learn to smile and laugh more with people they’re familiar with?
6-12 months
when can babies differentiate smiles between contexts?
10-12 months
when does a baby’s smile become a conscious social signal?
1 year
how is anger or sadness elicited in a newborn?
any uncomfortable experience
when does anger increase in intensity and frequency?
4-6 months
why does 4-6 months anger increase in intensity?
they realize they can control their parents and situation with anger. it acts as a motivator to lash out in order to manipulate
which is more frequent, anger or sadness?
anger
when is sadness a more frequent response for infant?
when parent-child bond is seriously disrupted
when does fear increase in infants?
6-24 months when they are slow to play with a new toy or have a height aversion
what is the most common expression of fear in an infant?
stranger anxiety
why is stranger anxiety not the same for all infants?
has to do with personality and socialization
what is one way to relieve stranger anxiety?
new adult lets the child initiate the interaction rather than picking them up at first sight
when do babies depend more on parent to be secure base?
6 months
what is a secure base?
safe point that infants can come back to after exploring
why does the fear that 6-24 month olds feel decrease?
they develop cognitively and can recognize the difference between threatening and non-threatening people or objects
what are the three main temperament types according to thomas and chess model?
1) easy child
2) difficult child
3) slow to warm up child
what is the easy child characteristic of?
cheerful, routine-oriented, adaptable
which type of child doesn’t stick to routines, is aversive to new experiences, and has typically negative and intense reactions?
difficult child
which child is inactive, has little reaction to the environment, has a negative mood, and is slow to adjust?
the slow-to-warm-up child
what are rothbart’s 6 dimensions of temperament?
1) activity level
2) attention span/persistence
3) fearful distress
4) irritable distress
5) positive affect
6) effortful control
what dimension of temperament consists of wariness to new experiences or environment?
fearful distress
what does the positive affect dimension mean?
how often they show happiness or pleasure
what temperament dimension is the level of gross motor activity?
activity level
what temperament dimension is how much they fuss or cry when needs aren’t met?
irritable distress
what temperament dimension describes how long they are interested or focused on something?
attention span/persistence
what are the underlying components of the definition of temperament in Rothbart’s dimensions?
1) emotion
2) attention
3) action
what are the 4 phases of attachment development?
1) pre-attachment
2) attachment in the making
3) clear-cut attachment
4) reciprocal relationship
which phase of attachment happens from 18mo-2years and on?
reciprocal relationship
which phase of attachment can the child understand why the parent comes and goes so their separation anxiety is alleviated some?
reciprocal relationship
which phase of attachment does the child negotiate with parent to obtain their goals?
4) reciprocal relationship
which phase of attachment occurs from 6 weeks-6-8 months?
attachment in the making
which phase of attachment can the infant distinguish between a familiar caregiver and a stranger?
attachment in the making
which phase of attachment does the infant develop a sense of trust as their caregiver responds to their needs, but they are ok with being separated?
2) attachment in the making
which phase of attachment occurs from 6-8 months - 18 months?
clear-cut attachment
at which phase of attachment is the infant clearly attached to their caregivers, and being apart from them causes separation anxiety, depending on their temperament?
clear-cut attachment
which is the first phase of attachment. happening between birth-6 months?
pre-attachment
at what phase of attachment do babies have reflex responses that help them bond with the people who care for them?
pre-attachment
at what phase of attachment do babies prefer their mother without being fully attached yet?
1) pre- attachment
how do fathers play with children vs mothers?
fathers: more playful, exciting physical play
mothers: more time caring and expressing love for children. give kids toys, play gentle games, talk to their children
what is self-recognition?
identifying oneself as a physically unique individual
at what age do children develop self-recognition?
around 2 years old
what is the categorical self?
children categorize themselves based on age, sex, physical characteristics, even actions
when is the categorical self developed?
between 18-30 months
when is babies nutrition crucial for development?
first 2 years
how much of babies caloric intake is devoted to growth?
25%
what is the recommended duration for breastfeeding?
exclusively for 6 months, but up to 2 years
what are pros of breastfeeding?
1) correct balance of fat and protein
2) protection against respiratory and intestinal infections
3) nutritional completeness
4) ensures healthy physical growth
5) protects against faulty jaw and tooth decay
6) mom less likely to get pregnant, more space between children and therefore decrease number of childhood deaths in poverty stricken countries
7) less chance of malnourishment and death
8) ensures digestibility
9) smooths transition to solid foods
what are pros of formula?
1) mom can get back to routine
2) contains more vitamin D and iron, but same nutrients as BM
3) less worry for mom about how much baby is eating
what are cons of breastfeeding?
1) time
2) breast discomfort
3) hard to monitor milk intake
what are cons of formula?
1) doesn’t decrease health risks for mother
2) no necessary antibodies
3) risk for water contamination
4) more $
what is the timeline for breastfeeding babies?
1) birth - colostrum (antibody rich)
2) 72hrs - engorged as milk comes in
3) 4mo - immune system increases
4) 6mo - add solid foods
what are the 3 breastfeeding positions?
1) cradle hold
2) football hold
3) side-lying position
what are the 2 parts of breast milk?
1) fore - sugary
2) hind - fatty
how does body growth occur?
in spurts (can grow 1/2inch in 24 hours)
are there gender and ethnic differences in growth?
yes, boys are longer and heavier
african american are longer/heavier, and caucasian americans are longer/heavier than asian americans
what percentage does your height increase by the end of the first year, and then the end of the second year?
50%, 75%
how much does your weight increase by the end of the first year and then second year?
x3, and then x4
when does baby fat peak?
9 months
what is the purpose of baby fat?
temperature regulation
what is a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients?
marasmus
what is kwashiorkor?
caused by an unbalanced diet low in protein
what part of the brain speeds up the electrical message?
myelin
when is lateralization complete?
10 years old
which area in the brain does the chemical message pass across?
synapse
where does the electrical message pass through?
myelin sheath
are males or females brains more highly lateralized?
makes
what implications does men being more lateralized than women hold?
men: very good at being highly focused
women: good at multitasking
what happens to the lateralization of deaf individuals who sign?
lees lateralization (share more duties in diff parts of brain)
in classical conditioning, are the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus the same or different?
NEVER the same
in classical conditioning, are the unconditioned response and conditioned response the same or different?
MUST be the same
what happens when you associate food with nausea?
aversive conditioning
how do you overcome aversive conditioning?
extinction
what is a requirement for operant conditioning to work?
strength of reinforcer needs to be stronger than desire to repeat behaviours, and appropriate to person
how does operant conditioning work?
behavior is encouraged or discouraged by using reinforcers and punishers
what is the gradual reduction in strength of a response due to repeated stimulation?
habituation
what would you loving pop and then losing that passion over time be an example of?
habituation
what is the adaptive value of habituation?
allows us to focus on what we need to and ignore non-threats (kids with autism struggle)
helps us understand a baby’s recognition memory
what is novelty preference?
recovery to a new stimulus after a short time delay assesses recent memory
what is familiarity preference?
trumps novelty preference, after a long time delay you recognize the familiar aspects through your remote memory
what is growth of the cephalocaudal trend?
head, trunk, legs
which motor skills grow through the cephalocaudal trend?
gross motor skills
what are gross motor skills?
actions that move us around the environment (rolling, crawling, cruising, walking)
what is growth along the proximodistal trend?
inside out - arm to hand to finger
what motor skills are associated with development along the proximodistal trend?
fine motor skills
what are fine motor skills?
voluntary reaching
what are the stages of fine motor skill development?
1) pre-reaching - 6 weeks (uncoordinated swipes)
2) reaching - 3-4 mo (ulnar grasp with whole hand)
3) transfer - 4-5 mo
4) pincer grasp - 6-12mo (forefinger and thumb)
what includes excitability, sensitivity, and energy levels? the things that make you who you are?
temperament
what is the capacity to engage in self-soothing, shift attention from unpleasant events and sustain interest for an extended time?
orienting/self-regulation
what characterized inhibited/shy children from uninhibited/social children?
inhibited react negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli
uninhibited display positive emotion to and approach novel stimuli
what is a genetic foundation for individual differences in personality?
temperament
what is the overall stability of temperament?
- low to moderate stability
- develops with age
- depends on what emotion is
- styles of responding are better established at age 3
what is goodness of fit?
- relationship between temperament and environment
what model involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child’s temperament while simultaneously encouraging change?
Thomas and Chess’ goodness of fit model
what is the strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to deep pleasure when we interact with them and be comforted by their nearness in times of stress?
attachment
what theory recognizes the infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival?
bowlby’s ethnological theory of attachment
what are the 2 main components of erikson’s psychosocial theory of social and emotional development?
1) basic trust vs. mistrust
2) autonomy vs. shame & doubt
how does erikson propose that children develop basic trust?
quality of caregivers behavior
what is erikson’s balance of care?
respond promptly (relative to context and age), appropriately (you give them needs), consistently
when do babies develop basic trust vs. mistrust?
birth - 18 months
why do children develop mistrust?
inconsistent care
when do children experience the conflict of autonomy vs. shame & doubt?
18-36 months
what aspects of autonomy did erikson propose?
scaffolding, start small, provide reasonable chores, don’t criticize
what are basic emotions?
emotions that can be inferred from facial recognition
- happy, fear, angry, sad, disgust, surprise, interest
what basic emotions are babies born with?
1) attraction to stimuli
2) withdrawal from stimuli
what is distress from being away from a caregiver?
separation anxiety
what is a wariness of unfamiliar people, a social signal?
stranger anxiety
what 2 factors is the intensity of stranger anxiety based on?
nature: temperament - shy vs. gregarious
nurture: how willing you are to expose child to new things and places
when does fear com into play for children to keep exploration in check?
6-12 months
when do children begin to use anger as a motivator to overcome obstacles?
4-6mo
in cultures where babies are passed around, do they have stranger anxiety?
no
what are second, higher order set of feelings called?
self conscious emotions
what are self-conscious emotions?
guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, pride
why are they called self conscious emotions ?
they involve injury or enhancement to our sense of self
what additional ingredients do self conscious emotions need?
1) involve injury or enhancement to self
2) adult instruction in when to feel proud
3) teach culturally valued behaviors
what are 3 emotional tools?
1) emotional contagion
2) social referencing
3) emotional self-regulation
what is emotional contagion?
detect another’s emotions, automatic process present at birth
which emotional tool is critical?
social referencing
what is social referencing?
we actively seek emotional info from a trusted individual in an uncertain situation
when do we start social referencing?
10 months
for what emotional tool would it be improtant to communicate confidence?
social referencing
“if you want your kid to be something, tell them they are” is an example of
social referencing
what are strategies we use to keep our emotions at a comfortable level to achieve goals?
emotional self-regulation
is emotional self-regulation present at birth?
yes, sucking
ah as
when does separation anxiety peak?
between 12-15 months
is food a love language?
yes
what is the set of expectations about the availability of important people in your life and likelihood of them providing support in times of stress?
internal working model
who theorized the strange situation?
ainsworth
what is the concept that healthy toddlers want to explore, but they will use Mom as a base, and actively seeks contact with mom on return?
strange situation
who developed the 4 phases of attachment?
bowlby
what are the 4 types of attachment?
1) secure (60%)
2) insecure - avoidant (15%)
3) insecure - resistant (10%)
4) disorganized/disoriented (15%)
what is the expected form of attachment?
secure
what type of attachment will explore, but wants to use mom as a base, is never distressed and doesn’t actively seek contact?
avoidant
what type of attachment clings to mom as a base, actively seeks contact, won’t explore, and is always distressed but mom can’t calm?
anxious-avoidant/ambivalent or persistent
what type of attachment is a catch all category associated with abuse?
disorganized
what are the influences on attachment?
1) opportunity to attach
2) quality of caregiving
3) infants characteristics
4) family circumstances
what type of caregiving promotes secure attachment?
prompt, appropriate, consistent
what type of caregiving can lead to avoidant attachment?
extremes - either overwhelming (helicopter parent) or underwhelming
what type of caregiving can lead to resistant attachment?
gross inconsistencies, clingy
which parent do boys respond better to?
dads
which parent’s style decreases later anxiety because they offer exciting but not dangerous challenges?
dads
