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psych 201 > chap 1 > Flashcards

chap 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout life span

A

developmental psychology

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2
Q

idea that development is open to change in response to influential experiences

A

plasticity

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3
Q

who developed the normative approach?

A

Hall & Gesell

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4
Q

who discovered age related averages for milestones?

A

Hall & Gesell

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5
Q

is developmental psych a new or old field?

A

relatively new. until 1960s-70s adults weren’t thought to change, only children

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6
Q

what is a theory?

A

statement that describes/explains/predicts

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7
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

idea/prediction with no research support

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8
Q

what does a theory need to be more than a hypothesis?

A

research support/scientific verification

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9
Q

what is continuous development?

A

knowledge acquisition @ uniform pace (kids=adults)

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10
Q

what is discontinuous development?

A

development occurs @ different rates (kids are unique)

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11
Q

are stage theories continuous or discontinuous?

A

discontinuous

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12
Q

is physical growth continuous or discontinuous?

A

discontinuous

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13
Q

what are basic issues in developmental psych?

A

universal vs. context specific
nature vs. nurture

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14
Q

did Rousseau lean towards nature or nurture?

A

nature - noble savages, humans are born with intuitive sense of right and wrong

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15
Q

did Locke lean towards nature or nurture?

A

nurture - we are born tabula rasa (blank slate)

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16
Q

what are 4 characteristics of the lifespan perspective?

A

1) lifelong
2) multidimensional & multidirectional
3) highly plastic
4) influenced by multiple, interacting forces

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17
Q

what are age-graded influences?

A

certain things happen @ same general time for each person

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18
Q

what are history graded influences?

A

happens to a cohort or group born @ same time (baby boomers)

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19
Q

what are non-normative influences?

A

irregular events that happen to a random person and don’t follow timetable

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20
Q

what are the most powerful influences?

A

nonnormative

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21
Q

what are the least powerful influences?

A

age-graded

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22
Q

who identified the 3 components of personality?

A

Freud

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23
Q

what are the 3 components of personality?

A

Id, Ego, Superego

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24
Q

which component of personality is your desires, impulses and basic needs?

A

the Id

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25
Q

which component of personality is your conscience and more obedient?

A

Superego

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26
Q

which component of personality is your conscious awareness and balances the other two components?

A

Ego

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27
Q

who is the father of behaviorism?

A

Watson

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28
Q

which theory takes the strongest position on the nature/nurture conflict?

A

behaviorism

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29
Q

who developed classical conditioning?

A

watson

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30
Q

who developed operant conditioning?

A

skinner

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31
Q

what type of stimulus would attention, a pay raise, or toys be?

A

reinforcer

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32
Q

what type of stimulus would disappointment, loss, bad grades, or being fired be?

A

punisher

33
Q

if a behavior is followed by a reinforcer, will the behavior go up or down?

A

up

34
Q

which theory is albert bandura responsible for?

A

social learning

35
Q

which theory has the idea of modelling and imitation?

A

social learning

36
Q

which theory involved the bobo doll experiment?

A

social learning

37
Q

which theory involves imprinting?

A

ethology

38
Q

what did Bowlby study about behavior in particular?

A

survival value

39
Q

what is the finite time where skill acquisition must occur?

A

critical period

40
Q

what is the optimal time where it’s easier to acquire a skill?

A

sensitive period

41
Q

which theory involves modelling and communication?

A

sociocultural

42
Q

who focused on sociocultural theory?

A

Vygotsky

43
Q

which theory would say that beliefs, values, customs are passed from one generation to next

A

Sociocultural

44
Q

which theory sees cognitive development as a socially-mediated process (talk and show what and why)

A

sociocultural

45
Q

who developed the ecological systems theory?

A

bronfenbrenner

46
Q

which theory says that development occurs in the layers of the environment ?

A

ecological systems

47
Q

which system consists of your immediate environment ?

A

microsystem

48
Q

which system is your interaction between microsystems?

A

mesosystem

49
Q

which system is contexts that don’t involve the developing person directly but impact them somehow

A

exosystem

50
Q

which system is the culture at large?

A

macrosystem

51
Q

what are shifts in context that result in pivotal points in development?

A

ecological transitions

52
Q

what is the temporal dimension?

A

chronosystem

53
Q

what is the availability bias?

A

if we can recall an example we think it occurs more often than if we can’t think of one

54
Q

what is correlational research?

A

researchers gather info as natural life events occur, and they do not alter experiences. they look at relationships between participants characteristics and behavior/development

55
Q

what is a correlation coefficient?

A

that describes how two measures/variables are associated (+1.00 to -1.00)

56
Q

with correlation coefficients, what indicates the strength of relationship?

A

magnitude/size of the number

57
Q

when one variable increases and the other increases, what kind of correlation is that?

A

positive

58
Q

when one variable increases and the other decreases, what kind of correlation is that?

A

negative

59
Q

what is a limitation of correlational research?

A

no inferring cause or effect

60
Q

what type of design permits inferences on cause and effect because the researchers use evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatments?

A

experimental design

61
Q

what type of variable causes changes in another variable?

A

independent

62
Q

what type of variable is influenced by the independent variable?

A

dependent

63
Q

what is drawing numbers or flipping coins to reduce bias and equally distribute called?

A

random assignment

64
Q

what are two types of modified experimental design?

A

field experiment and natural/quasi-experiment

65
Q

what type of experiment randomly assigns participants to treatment in a natural setting?

A

field

66
Q

what type of experiment compares treatments that already exist?

A

natural/quasi

67
Q

what are 3 types of developmental research designs?

A

longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential

68
Q

which type of design studies participants repeatedly and notes changes as they age?

A

longitudinal

69
Q

what is an advantage of longitudinal study?

A

study common patterns/differences in relationships

70
Q

what limits longitudinal studies?

A

age-related changes are distorted because of dropouts, cohort effects

71
Q

what type of design groups different ages and studies them at the same point in time?

A

cross-sectional

72
Q

what is the strength to cross-sectional study?

A

more efficient than longitudinal

73
Q

what is the limit to cross sectional?

A

no studying individual developmental trends/cohort effects

74
Q

what type of design conducts several longitudinal and cross-sectional studies called sequences?

A

sequential

75
Q

what type of study uses participants of the same age/different years or different ages/same years?

A

sequential

76
Q

what is the best type of study for developmental research?

A

sequential

77
Q

what study is designed to help identify difficulties?

A

sequential

78
Q

what study permits longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons and reveals cohort effects?

A

sequential

79
Q

what are the 5 rights for research participants?

A

1) protection from harm
2) informed consent
3) privacy
4) knowledge of results
5) beneficial treatments

psych 201 (12 decks)

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