chap 1 Flashcards
field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout life span
developmental psychology
idea that development is open to change in response to influential experiences
plasticity
who developed the normative approach?
Hall & Gesell
who discovered age related averages for milestones?
Hall & Gesell
is developmental psych a new or old field?
relatively new. until 1960s-70s adults weren’t thought to change, only children
what is a theory?
statement that describes/explains/predicts
what is a hypothesis?
idea/prediction with no research support
what does a theory need to be more than a hypothesis?
research support/scientific verification
what is continuous development?
knowledge acquisition @ uniform pace (kids=adults)
what is discontinuous development?
development occurs @ different rates (kids are unique)
are stage theories continuous or discontinuous?
discontinuous
is physical growth continuous or discontinuous?
discontinuous
what are basic issues in developmental psych?
universal vs. context specific
nature vs. nurture
did Rousseau lean towards nature or nurture?
nature - noble savages, humans are born with intuitive sense of right and wrong
did Locke lean towards nature or nurture?
nurture - we are born tabula rasa (blank slate)
what are 4 characteristics of the lifespan perspective?
1) lifelong
2) multidimensional & multidirectional
3) highly plastic
4) influenced by multiple, interacting forces
what are age-graded influences?
certain things happen @ same general time for each person
what are history graded influences?
happens to a cohort or group born @ same time (baby boomers)
what are non-normative influences?
irregular events that happen to a random person and don’t follow timetable
what are the most powerful influences?
nonnormative
what are the least powerful influences?
age-graded
who identified the 3 components of personality?
Freud
what are the 3 components of personality?
Id, Ego, Superego
which component of personality is your desires, impulses and basic needs?
the Id
which component of personality is your conscience and more obedient?
Superego
which component of personality is your conscious awareness and balances the other two components?
Ego
who is the father of behaviorism?
Watson
which theory takes the strongest position on the nature/nurture conflict?
behaviorism
who developed classical conditioning?
watson
who developed operant conditioning?
skinner
what type of stimulus would attention, a pay raise, or toys be?
reinforcer
what type of stimulus would disappointment, loss, bad grades, or being fired be?
punisher
if a behavior is followed by a reinforcer, will the behavior go up or down?
up
which theory is albert bandura responsible for?
social learning
which theory has the idea of modelling and imitation?
social learning
which theory involved the bobo doll experiment?
social learning
which theory involves imprinting?
ethology
what did Bowlby study about behavior in particular?
survival value
what is the finite time where skill acquisition must occur?
critical period
what is the optimal time where it’s easier to acquire a skill?
sensitive period
which theory involves modelling and communication?
sociocultural
who focused on sociocultural theory?
Vygotsky
which theory would say that beliefs, values, customs are passed from one generation to next
Sociocultural
which theory sees cognitive development as a socially-mediated process (talk and show what and why)
sociocultural
who developed the ecological systems theory?
bronfenbrenner
which theory says that development occurs in the layers of the environment ?
ecological systems
which system consists of your immediate environment ?
microsystem
which system is your interaction between microsystems?
mesosystem
which system is contexts that don’t involve the developing person directly but impact them somehow
exosystem
which system is the culture at large?
macrosystem
what are shifts in context that result in pivotal points in development?
ecological transitions
what is the temporal dimension?
chronosystem
what is the availability bias?
if we can recall an example we think it occurs more often than if we can’t think of one
what is correlational research?
researchers gather info as natural life events occur, and they do not alter experiences. they look at relationships between participants characteristics and behavior/development
what is a correlation coefficient?
that describes how two measures/variables are associated (+1.00 to -1.00)
with correlation coefficients, what indicates the strength of relationship?
magnitude/size of the number
when one variable increases and the other increases, what kind of correlation is that?
positive
when one variable increases and the other decreases, what kind of correlation is that?
negative
what is a limitation of correlational research?
no inferring cause or effect
what type of design permits inferences on cause and effect because the researchers use evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatments?
experimental design
what type of variable causes changes in another variable?
independent
what type of variable is influenced by the independent variable?
dependent
what is drawing numbers or flipping coins to reduce bias and equally distribute called?
random assignment
what are two types of modified experimental design?
field experiment and natural/quasi-experiment
what type of experiment randomly assigns participants to treatment in a natural setting?
field
what type of experiment compares treatments that already exist?
natural/quasi
what are 3 types of developmental research designs?
longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential
which type of design studies participants repeatedly and notes changes as they age?
longitudinal
what is an advantage of longitudinal study?
study common patterns/differences in relationships
what limits longitudinal studies?
age-related changes are distorted because of dropouts, cohort effects
what type of design groups different ages and studies them at the same point in time?
cross-sectional
what is the strength to cross-sectional study?
more efficient than longitudinal
what is the limit to cross sectional?
no studying individual developmental trends/cohort effects
what type of design conducts several longitudinal and cross-sectional studies called sequences?
sequential
what type of study uses participants of the same age/different years or different ages/same years?
sequential
what is the best type of study for developmental research?
sequential
what study is designed to help identify difficulties?
sequential
what study permits longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons and reveals cohort effects?
sequential
what are the 5 rights for research participants?
1) protection from harm
2) informed consent
3) privacy
4) knowledge of results
5) beneficial treatments
