LASx Exam 1: Chronic Laminitis and Diagnosing Lameness in Horses Flashcards by Preeti Gulve | Brainscape

Q

Laminitis is considered chronic after ______ hours of

continual pain or when rotation of distal phalanx occurs

A

48 hours

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Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic laminitis?

A

Shifting weight to hind feet

Unwilling to walk

Sinking at the coronary band

Coffin bone rotation

Non-parallel growth rings

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Q

Non-weightbearing lameness is a huge risk factor for laminitis,

and if you see it, your immediate concern should be with

the _________ limb

A

CONTRALATERAL

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Q

Which Obel Grade does the following describe?

No lameness at walk, short stilted gait at TROT

A

Obel Grade 1

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Q

Which Obel Grade does the following describe?

Stilted gait at a walk, foot can be lifted

A

Obel Grade 2

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Q

Which Obel Grade does the following describe?

Reluctant to walk, resists lifting foot

A

Obel Grade 3

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Q

Which Obel Grade does the following describe?

Refuses to move, may become recumbent

A

Obel Grade 4

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Q

What are some therapeutic shoeing techniques that can

help treat laminitis?

A

Dorsal hoof wall resection, heart bar shoe, reversed horse shoe

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Q

This treatment is a LAST RESORT and is performed on

horses with quickly progressing laminitis as an attempt

to stop the rotation of the coffin bone

A

DDF TENOTOMY

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Q

Aladdin’s Slipper can develop as a result of

___________

A

chronic laminitis

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Q

What type of suture pattern is used to reconnect small

tendon lacerations?

A

Locking loop

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Q

What are the 2 tendons effected by trauma to the forelimb

and where do you see the severance?

A

Common digital extensor (CDE) tendon

and

Lateral digital extensor (LatDE) tendon

Between the FETLOCK and CARPUS

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Q

What are the 2 tendons effected by trauma to the hindlimb

and where do you see the severance?

A

Long digital extensor tendon (LongDE)

and

Lateral digital extensor tendon (LatDE)

Below the hock

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Q

What tendons are effected by overloading and

where does the severance occur?

A

Flexor tendons

Between the carpus/hock and fetlock

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Q

If you can hold the stifle and flex or extend the hock,

what did you just get a positive test for?

A

Tendon laceration!

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Q

Tendon laxity is seen in _______ with their toes pointed up

A

FOALS

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Q

If this tendon ruptures, you will have immediate NWB-lameness

A

Achilles tendon

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Q

Anytime you cast a horse, you must bandage the

________ limb for support

A

contralateral

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Q

What are the 3 causes of lameness in a horse?

A

Neurologic

Metabolic

Mechanical

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Q

If a horse warms into or out of a lameness,

what is the cause?

A

Osteoarthritis

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Q

_________% of lameness comes from the foot,

which is why you start here with hoof testers

A

80 - 90%

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Q

You will see increased gluteal excursion in the

______ limb

A

LAME

Q

“Down on the sound” only applies to ________ lameness

A

forelimb

Q

What AAEP Grade of Lameness does the following describe?

Difficult to observe and inconsistent lameness

A

Grade 1

Q

What AAEP Grade of Lameness does the following describe?

Difficult to observe in a straight line, but consistently

apparent under certain conditions (like circling, hard surface, or incline)

A

Grade 2

Q

What AAEP Grade of Lameness does the following describe?

Consistently observable at a trot in all circumstances

A

Grade 3

Q

What AAEP Grade of Lameness does the following describe?

Obvious lameness with marked head nod, hitching, and shortened stride

A

Grade 4

Q

What AAEP Grade of Lameness does the following describe?

Inability or reluctance to move, minimal or non-weightbearing

A

Grade 5

Q

What are the 5 pathognomonic lamenesses diagnosed at a walk?

A

Peroneus tertius rupture

Upward fixation of patella

Stringhalt

Fibrotic myopathy

Sweeny

Q

At a walk, a horse has weight bearing lameness but

is dragging his foot. During your flexion test, you can extend

the hock while the stifle is flexed. What is wrong with this horse?

A

Peroneus tertius rupture

Q

How do you treat peroneus tertius rupture?

A

Strict stall rest for 3 months

Q

T/F:

To help treat upward fixation of the patella,

you should give anti-inflammatories

A

FALSE!

You want inflammation locally to thicken the ligament!

Q

How do you treat locking patella?

A

Medial patellar ligament DESMOPLASTY

to increase inflammation and fibrose the ligament

(or desmotomy in severe cases)

Q

Fibrotic myopathy is seen in these muscles and results

in a shortened cranial phase

A

hamstrings- semimembranosus, semitendonosus

Q

What joints are being flexed during distal limb flexion?

A

Fetlock

Pastern

Coffin

Q

What joints are being flexed in proximal limb flexion?

A

Shoulder

Elbow

Carpus

Q

The Spavin Test is a flexion test of this

A

proximal hindlimb

(not hock specific)

Q

Why do you NOT sedate a horse for a diagnostic nerve block?

A

It can alter their gait

Q

What is the most common agent for local anesthesia

in nerve blocks in a horse?

A

2% Mepivicaine (Carbocaine)

Q

T/F:

You can use Bupivicaine/Marcaine for diagnostic nerve blocks

A

FALSE!

only therapeutically

Q

What are the reasons that a palmar digital nerve block would fail?

A

Adhesion between the navicular bone and DDFT

Osteoarthritis of the coffin

Concurrent proximal disease

Improper/incomplete anesthesia

Q

What nerves are being blocked in a Low 4-point block?

A

Lat/Med PALMAR nerves

Lat/Med PALMAR METACARPAL nerves

Q

If you want to block the lateral and medial PALMAR nerves,

where do you inject?

A

Between the SL and DDFT

Q

If you want to block the lateral and medial

PALMAR METACARPAL nerves,

where do you inject?

A

Between the palmar MC3 and MC2 + MC4

Q

What block would you perform if you wanted to block

the origin of the suspensory ligament?

A

LATERAL PALMAR nerve block

Q

What structures are anesthetized in a HIGH 4-point block?

A

Suspensory ligament

Some flexor tendons

Some MC3 and MC4

Q

Which radiographic views are required in order to

diagnose osseous abnormalities as a cause of lameness?

A

Minimum of 4 views:

2 oblique

1 lateral

1 DP

Q

This diagnostic imaging modality is best to identify

articular and osteochondral disease, and is great for

examining stifles.

A

ULTRASOUND

Q

This diagnostic modality is utilized when the site of

lameness cannot be determined, as in grade 1 lameness, if multiple limbs are lame and not following the expected blocking pattern, upper limb/pelvic limb lameness, or suspected fracture

that is not seen on rads.

A

Nuclear Scintigraphy (Bone scan)

Q

This compound is used in order to visualize abnormalities

on nuclear scintigraphy. It has a 6.5 hour half life

and is eliminated by the kidneys

A

Technetium-99 Labeled Phosphorus Compound

Q

This is the modality of choice for imaging bone, and can

accurately delineate osseous lesions

A

CT

Q

This is the modality of choice for imaging soft tissue

structures that are not accessible by U/S, such as

structures within the hoof capsule, and intra-articular ligaments

A

MRI

Q

This modality can be diagnostic as well as therapeutic

A

Diagnostic Arthroscopy

Q

What is Equinosis Q?

A

It is a tool that uses inertial sensors and a wireless tablet

to objectively detect and quantify body movement

irregularities