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RUSVM LASx PRACTICE QUESTIONS > Exam 2: Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) > Flashcards

Exam 2: Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) Flashcards

1
Q

The process of abnormal bone and cartilage formation is known as

A

osteochondrosis

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2
Q

A joint disorder in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone due to blood deprivation in the subchondral bone.

This loss of blood flow causes the subchondral bone to die

in a process called avascular necrosis.

A

OCD- Osteochondritis Dissecans

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3
Q

______ bone is responsible for supporting cartilage

A

Subchondral

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4
Q

Bone and cartilage are formed by a process known as

A

Endochondral ossification

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5
Q

During bone formation,

_____________ form calcified columns in the hypertrophic zone

A

Chondrocytes

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6
Q

The primary spongiosa is formed by ________ using calcified columns

A

Osteoblasts

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7
Q

What are the two pathophysiological causes of OCD?

A

Failure of blood vessels to penetrate calcified cartilage

Epiphyseal necrosis

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8
Q

What is your diagnosis?

A

OCD- Flap formation

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9
Q

At what age is OCD seen in horses?

A

TWO age ranges:

Birth to 5 months

and

> 1 year old

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10
Q

What is the most important sequela of OCD?

A

Degenerative osteoarthritis

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11
Q

_______ is the only tissue in the body that can heal without scar formation

A

Bone

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12
Q

What is the sex predilection for degenerative osteoarthritis?

A

2:1 Males:Females

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13
Q

T/F: Degenerative osteoarthritis is a heritable trait

A

TRUE

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14
Q

T/F: Nutrition imbalances can cause degenerative osteoarthritis

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Degenerative osteoarthritis

is associated with

______ Calcium

and

_________ Phosphorus

A

decreased calcium

increased phosphorus

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16
Q

Osteochondrosis is a multifactorial disease.

What 4 factors contribute to development of this disease?

A

Nutrition

Growth Rate

Heriditary Factors

Trauma

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17
Q

Aberrant local signaling to the ____________

in the deep layer of the articular epiphyseal-cartilage complex

is believed to underlie the development of osteochondrosis

A

chondrocytes

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18
Q

What nutritional factors are involved in the epipathogenesis of osteochondrosis in horses?

A

LOW calcium, copper, selenium

HIGH phosphorus, zinc, molybdenum

Vitamin A,D deficiency

High protein diet

High caloric intake

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19
Q

_______ supplementation of mares during pregnancy may help decrease the prevalence of osteochondrosis

A

Copper

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20
Q

Greater weight gains during the ___ and ____ months of life

appear to have the most influence on the development of osteochondrosis.

A

3rd and 5th months

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21
Q

Compared with other affected foals,

foals confined in stalls tended to have more severe lesions,

and the _________ were more often affected.

A

femoral condyles

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22
Q

In regards to osteochondrosis,

exercised foals tended to have lesions involving the ________________

A

lateral trochlear ridge of the femur.

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23
Q

Major collagen type in fibrous connective tissue and bone

Not normally found in articular cartilage

A

Type 1 collagen

24
Q

Major collagen type in hyaline cartilage

A

Type 2 collagen

25
Q

Small-chain collagen type in mammalian articular cartilage

May have a cell-signaling function

A

Type 6 collagen

26
Q

• Small-chain collagen that is found only in

hypertrophic growth cartilage and the deep zone of adult articular cartilage

  • Unknown function
  • Considered a marker for hypertrophic cartilage
A

Type X collagen

27
Q

What 3 factors stimulate terminal differentiation of Chondrocytes?

A

Indian hedgehog

  • Bone morphogenetic protein 6
  • Bone morphogenetic protein 2
28
Q

What 3 factors inhibit terminal differentiation of Chondrocytes?

A

Parathyroid hormone–related peptide

  • Transforming growth factor–β1
  • Bone morphogenetic protein 7
29
Q

__________ factors that stress the weakened osteochondral junction

play an important role in the clinical manifestation of osteochondrosis

and may ultimately determine whether healing or osteochondritis dissecans flap formation ensues.

A

Biomechanical

30
Q

T/F: Lameness is the first noticeable clinical sign of osteochondrosis

A

FALSE.

Lameness is rarely severe enough to be noticed

31
Q

This is usually the primary clinical sign of osteochondrosis

A

Synovial effusion

32
Q

Synovial effusion of the tarso-crural (aka tibiotarsal) joint is known as

A

BOG spavin

33
Q

How is degenerative osteoarthritis (DJD- degenerative joint disease) diagnosed?

A

Nuclear scintigraphy with Technetium-99

34
Q

In nuclear scintigraphy, Technetium-99 acts as _______,

so it gets incorporated into the bone about 2 hours after being given IV.

A

calcium

35
Q

What is the half-life of technetium-99 and how is it excreted?

A

12 hours, excreted via urine

36
Q

Which 3 joints are most commonly affected by OCD in the equine?

A
  1. Tibiotarsal (Tarsocrural) Joint (AKA HOCK)
  2. Stifle
  3. Fetlock
37
Q

What location is most commonly affected by OCD

in the Tibiotarsal (Tarsocrural) Joint (AKA HOCK)?

A

Distal intermediate ridge of the tibia

38
Q

What location is most commonly affected by OCD

in the STIFLE?

A

Lateral trochlear ridge

39
Q

What location is most commonly affected by OCD

in the FETLOCK?

A

Sagittal ridge of MC3

40
Q

Cysts are most common at this location in the stifle joint

A

MEDIAL femoral condyle

41
Q

How is OCD treated in the equine?

A

Rest

IA medication

Surgery- Arthrotomy/Arthroscopy

Meds- Joint supplements and chondroprotectants

42
Q

Where in the stifle is this located and

what is the arrow pointing to?

A

Medial Femoral Condyle, Cyst

43
Q

Which location is more likely to be affected by OCD

in the hock of the equine:

Lateral trochlear ridge

Medial trochlear ridge

A

LATERAL trochlear ridge

(DIRT is still #1 though)

44
Q

Which location is more likely to be affected by OCD

in the hock of the equine:

Lateral malleolus

Medial malleolus

A

Medial malleolus

(DIRT is still #1 though)

45
Q

Which location is more likely to be affected by OCD

in the stifle of the equine:

Lateral trochlear ridge

Medial trochlear ridge

A

Lateral trochlear ridge (#1 location in stifle)

46
Q

Which location is more likely to be affected by OCD

in the fetlock of the equine:

Sagittal ridge of MC3

Palmar/Plantar eminence of P1

P1 or MC3 Cysts

A

Sagittal ridge of MC3

47
Q

Normal healthy collagen is

collagen Type _____

A

2

48
Q

What are the 5 categories of chondroprotective

agents used to treat OCD?

A

Glucosamine

Chondroitin sulfate

Hyaluronic acid

Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (PSGAGs)

Anti-inflammatories

49
Q

Which 3 Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans (PSGAGs)

are used as chondroprotectants in the treatment of OCD

in the equine?

A

Myristol

Cosequin

Adequan

50
Q

Which 2 NSAIDS are used as anti-inflammatories

in the treatment of OCD in the equine?

A

Flunixin and Phenylbutazone

51
Q

What are 2 methods used to resurface cartilage

in the treatment of OCD in the equine?

A

Osteochondral dowel grafts

Autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT)

52
Q

Which 4 agents are used in gene therapy

as treatment for OCD in equines?

A

IL-1

IL-like GF1

IRAP (IL1 receptor antagonist protein)

PRP (platelet rich plasma)

53
Q

For an arthroscopic procedure,

after the arthroscope is introduced, the egress cannula

is used with this technique to help facilitate direction

of the procedure

A

Triangulation technique

54
Q

What is the most common location to see

chip fractures in the carpus?

A

Distal Radial Carpal Bone

55
Q

Chip fractures of the carpus occur most commonly

in which 3 locations?

A

Distal radial carpal bone (#1)

Proximal intermediate carpal bone

Distal lateral radius

RUSVM LASx PRACTICE QUESTIONS (24 decks)

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