land war and trade

Question 1

How Charles came into his colonies and which two

Answer 1

• wedding gift/ dowry of Catherine
• tangier and Bombay

Question 2

Impact of tangier

Answer 2

• North Africa
• entrance to Mediterranean so good placement
• hard to keep off Moroccans who fought to regain the land
• seen as a Catholic haven
• abandoned by Charles in 83- shows colonies can fail

Question 3

Impact of Bombay

Answer 3

• swampy are w little interest to Charles
• he rented it to the east India compagne which gave it a monopoly on english trade
• they traded luxury goods such as silk and spice
• began a colony in India that would become the Brits India colony
• very wealthy so couod employ lots of Brits

Question 4

Significance of North American colonies

Answer 4

• took land from indigenous which was very fatal for them
• created tensions w the Dutch after the engkish took new Amsterdam
• many religious groups took to America as a haven such as the quakers and the non conformists
• ride growing thrived in Carolina
• Hudson Bay became very successful in fur trade with the First Nation people and made the Brits huge money

Question 5

Battles for colonies in the Caribbean

Answer 5

• under the oc- england Spain and france were fighting for the caribean
• Henry Morgan was allowed to raid enemy ports
• in 55 England captured Jamaica from the Spanish

Question 6

Impact of trade w colonies

Answer 6

• began British empire
• traders became very rich and could buy large property in England
• many traders used money to fund charitably such as hospitals and schools
• fury’s and silks impacted fashion
• smoking impacted health
• tea and coffee
• coffee houses

Question 7

Mercantilism

Answer 7

The belief that all countries are competing for a fixed amount of trade

Question 8

How to act successfully on mercantilism

Answer 8

• export more than import
• have colonies over seas and trade within those- triangular trade
• this means england could import goods from their own colonies making themselves more money

Question 9

What and when we’re the navigation acts

Answer 9

• series of laws passed to keep profits of trade within the english merchants and traders
• passed in 51,60 and 73
• PROTECTIONSIT policy , meaning all have their income increased- both Charles and the merchants

Question 10

Key navigation acts

Answer 10

• all trade between colonies and England was done on English ships
• 3/4 of sailors had to be english
• goods produced in English colonies had to be exported to englidh areas
• 63, all colonies goods had to pass england to be taxed
• 63, all colonies could only buy manafactured goods eg pots and guns from England
• 73, English colonies can’t trade directly without the third party of England

Question 11

What did merchantilism lead to

Answer 11

• privateers attacking ships
• smuggling to avoid high taxes

Question 12

Reasons for grow of slave trade

Answer 12

• DEVELOPEMENT of plantations meant huge labour demand
• increased profits as they didn’t pay slaves
• indigenous had weak immune systems and couldn’t provide the Labour as too sick
• sugar Tabasco and cotton were very in style in England

Question 13

Justification for slave trade

Answer 13

• slavery is biblically moral
• money could be made
• white was superior

Question 14

Slavery in the triangular trade

Answer 14

• maximised english profits
• goods were taken to Africa eg guns and pots
• africa took slaves to the America’s
• crops made by slaves were shipped back to England
• this is the royal africa company

Question 15

Benefitters of the slave trade

Answer 15

• city ports became very rich leading to new homes and buildings
• slave traders became very rich
• ship owners could leave work to captain and become v rich
• manafacturers became very rich for making slavery équipement

Question 16

Impact of slave trade socially

Answer 16

• hundreds of Africans had terrible life conditions which impacted individuals, families
• weat africa lost millions in population
• African peoples treatment due to the biblical teachings lead to a racist legacy that affects soceity to this day

Question 17

Impact of slave trade economically

Answer 17

• traders could build huge houses as well as donate to schools and hospitals or build them
• work was created for those in industrial businesses
• lead to Industrial Revolution
• charles made lotsnof moneg from shares that took him out of his debt

Question 18

How was the navy run

Answer 18

• england was an island so needed a strong navy
• typically the lord admiral was a royal
• it had been jsmes before he was replaced with his cousin Rupert
• Samuel Pepys was chief secutary in charge of admissions

Question 19

How was the navy recruited for

Answer 19

• many signed up as it promised a steady job working for England
• when enrolment was low hangs would go into towns and cities and take recruits from inns

Question 20

How was life in the navy

Answer 20

• hard and unpleasent
• thoigj it did improve as did wages

Question 21

Blue water policy

Answer 21

• navy protected trading ships and ports
• protects the navy and the traders- mutually sustaining
• taxes from trade used to fund navy

Question 22

Line of battle tactic

Answer 22

• all line up sideways to the enemy
• cannons are more concentrated to the enemy and less likely to hit own ship

Question 23

dates and cause of the second dutch war

Answer 23

• dutch war 1 was in 52 under the OC
• this with mercantilism meant james encourages charles to go to war to reduce dutch colonies and trade
• 63-67

Question 24

events of dutch war up to 66

Answer 24

• between 63-65 the english began to raid dutch areas, capture new amsterdam and declare war
• in lowestoft the brits lead by james won and lost 32 dutch ships
• montagu took over as james was hier to the throne
• france joined the dutch in 1666
• faliures this year in the port of bergan and the four days battle
• however later in 1666 the brits broke a dutch blockade on the thames and destroyed over 150 ships

Question 25

dutch war 2 in 67

Answer 25

• charles became over confidet as he was starting negotations with the french and sent many sailors home
• the dutch had built 40 new ships
• the battle of medway was in a poorly defended thames estuary which the dutch blockaded ad massively won
• charles had to agree to trady of breda

Question 26

events of the third dutch war

Answer 26

• charles agrees ith french in the 1670 treaty of dover to back eachother in war w the dutch
• the battle of sole bay, schooveld channel and texel were all lost by the brits
• in 74 charles siged peace treaty of westminster

Question 27

disagreements w charles and parliment due to the secod/third dutch war

Answer 27

• battle of medway lead charles to blain claredon and bring in cabal
• many were upset we were closely allied with the french istead of protestnant dutch
• moey was needed for plauge and fire and at that point taxes couldt be collected due to these so money was very scarce
• parlimet didnt like charlses close relationship with france

Question 28

reasons for loss in the secod dutch war

Answer 28

• lack of money
• plauge and fire meant lack of supplies
• poor leadership from montagu after james left
• poor defence in the esturary in the thames
• charlses overconfidence in sending sailors home

Question 29

reasons for loss in the third dutch war

Answer 29

• no parliment support
• poor leadership
• merchant ships attacked by the dutch wanted end to war
• many were wary of a war that relied on support from catholic france

Question 30

Spain in resto England

Answer 30

• Spain was a rival for trade and colonies
• they were very rich of gold exploiting in south and Central America eg Porto bello
• they were under consant battle with the nagherlands to keep under spanish rule
• they were fairly weak in resto england
• Spanish ships were often targeted by buckaneers
• the 1670 treaty of Madrid looked to peace w england but failed
• Spain needed money from trade and colonies to keep fighting the Dutch

Question 31

Charles’s relationship with france

Answer 31

• charles mother was french and his sister married into the family
• in exile he spent time with his cousin louis in the french court
• he was very inspired by Louis as a strong Catholic dictator who believed in the div right of kings
• England was very inspired by the french fashion and baroque styles

Question 32

Importance of france to charles

Answer 32

• 1670 treaty of Dover meant charles had backing of france in a war against the Dutch
• secretly it meant he had to be Catholic and so could receive their funding
• charles used the french funding in order to rule without Parliament
• the 1667 treaty between frwnce and England was a trade agreement

Question 33

Relationship between England france and Netherlands in the 70s

Answer 33

• france backed Netherlands against Spain
• T of Dover in 70 allied france and England against the Dutch
• in 78 france and Netherlands were in conflict, Charles wanted to get involved but in the french side whilst the government would only fund the Dutch
• he secretly allied with the french

Question 34

Parliments fear of france

Answer 34

• charles admired his cousin Louis
• treaty of dover
• Louis bad made Protestantism illegal and was prosecuting ‘hugeunots’ or Protestants
• france and Spain were allied and they were both strong Catholics
• gov we’re consantly upset charles favoured the french iver the Dutch such as in 78 and the 72-74 third Dutch war

Question 35

Impact of Charles’s foreign policy

Answer 35

• england had to have a strong navy
• Englands ties w frwnce and hence Spain meant a fear of Catholics and a rift with parliment
• charles had funding and military backing from the french
• Dutch wars were very expensive
• loss of Dutch war was humiliating